Transcript Chapter4 - Roletech

Chapter 4
Processor Technology and
Architecture
Introduction :
In November, 1971, a company called Intel publicly
introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor,
the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715), invented by
Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan
Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits
revolutionized computer design, the only place to go
was down -- in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the
integrated circuit down one step further by placing all
the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central
processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on
one small chip. Programming intelligence into
inanimate objects had now become possible.
Subject Presentation
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CPU Operation
There are three primary components of CPU
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Control Unit: contain circuitry that uses electrical
signals to direct the entire computer system to carry
out, or execute, stored program instructions and data
between main memory and registers
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Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): contain circuitry that
performs all computation and comparison operations
(arithmetic and logical operations)
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Registration: temporary storage locations that hold
inputs and outputs for the ALU
CPU Diagram
Second
ary
Storage
Primary
Storage
Control
Unit
Regis
ters
System
Bus
I/O
Unit
ALU
I/O
Unit
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During the fetch cycle, the control unit:
Fetches an instruction from primary storage
Increments a pointer to the location of the next
instruction
Separates the instruction into components-the instruction
code (or number) and the data inputs to
the
instruction
Stores each component in a separate register
During the execution cycle, the ALU:
 Retrieves the instruction code from a register
 Retrieves data inputs from registers
 Passes data inputs through internal circuits to perform
the addition, subtraction, or other data transformation
 Stores the result in a register
Central Processing Unit
Primary
memory
Control Unit
(Fetch)
Fetch
Instruction and
data
Registers
Pointer
ALU (Execute
Store result
Result
Execute
instruction
Increment
pointer
Data 1
Data 2
Store
instruction and
data
Instruction
Retrieve
instruction and
data
Type of Processor
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Kinds of CPU: Pentium, 1,2,3,4, Celeron, Xeon,
Itanium, Cyrix, AMD (Apple, and IBM: Motorola,
Alpha)
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Intel(R) Introduces new 3.6 Ghz Xeon(TM)
Processor and Two new Chipsets
speeds - up to 3.60 GHz.
Memory - 64 – bit (Intelฎ EM64T)
Eliminate system bottlenecks
Increase the speed, storage and support DDR2
memory technology
Provide power up to 40 pecent
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The Intel Xeon processor will be used in the next generation of
dual-processor server platforms, which will be available soon
based on the validation schedules of system manufacturers.
The new platforms will be based on two advanced chipsets, the
Intelฎ E7520 and Intelฎ E7320 (formerly codenamed
"Lindenhurst" and "Lindenhurst-VS," respectively), and the new
Intelฎ IOP332 I/O processor (formerly codenamed "Dobson").
The server platforms will take advantage of the same new
technologies as the workstation platform introduced today,
including PCI Express technology, DDR2 memory support and
Intel EM64T. The platforms will be available soon from leading
system manufacturers worldwide and will offer improved
performance, reliability, serviceability and power savings for
enterprise solutions.
Intel Introduces New Pentiumฎ 4
Processors
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SANTA CLARA, Calif., Feb. 2, 2004
Intel Corporation is delivering four new
processors (formerly codenamed Prescott)
 90-nanometer (nm) manufacturing technology.
 These processors are among six new offerings
in Intel's line of desktop chips, bringing new
features and high performance to a wide range
of PC users, from mainstream consumers and
businesspeople to gaming enthusiasts and
computer power users.
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Intel's 90 nm (a nanometer is one-billionth of a
meter) process technology is the most advanced
semiconductor manufacturing process in the
industry, built exclusively on 300 mm wafers.
 This new process combines high performance,
low-power transistors, strained silicon, highspeed copper interconnects and a new low-k
dielectric material.
 This is the first time all of these technologies
have been integrated into a single
manufacturing process.
Intel Celeron M Processor
Debuts
SANTA CLARA, Calif., Jan. 5, 2004 –
Intelฎ Celeron M processor for mobile PCs
 This processor line represents a new generation
of Intel technology for the mobility value market
segment. Intel has also unveiled a new brand
and logo for this product line.
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In 1,000-unit quantities, the Intel Celeron M
processors at 1.30 GHz and 1.20 GHz are
priced at $134 and $107, respectively; the ULV
Intel Celeron M processor at 800 MHz is priced
at $161.
AMD releases new CPUs
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SUNNYVALE, CA -- January 6, 2004 –
AMD (NYSE: AMD) - introduce Mobile AMD Athlon™
64
processors 3200+, 3000+ and 2800+, the world’s only
Windowsฎ-compatible 64-bit mobile PC processors for
mainstream notebook computers.
The new mobile processors mark the latest addition to
the award-winning AMD Athlon 64 processor family and
feature outstanding mobility, industry-leading 32-bit
performance and 64-bit capability.
AMD also announced the addition of the AMD Athlon 64
processor 3400+ for desktop PCs and desktopreplacement notebooks, designed to give customers the
ultimate experience on today’s digital media applications.
64-Bit Processor
VendorsMajor developers/suppliers of 64-bit chips:
Vendor
Compaq
Processor
AlphaHighest
Intel
IA-64
IBM
PowerPC
HP
Sun
UltraSPARC
Features
performance
Availability
Available on Compaq
servers
Supports NT and
Available in limited
Unix
quantities on
Windows.NET servers
Tailored to run
Available on
AIX Unix
RS/6000HP
PA-RISC
Tailored to run HP-UX
Tailored to run Solaris Available on Sun
servers
PICTURES
ITANIUM
COMPAQ
SUN
AMD
IBM
Conclusion
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In the future the technician predict that the technology
will meet the “wall” When the limits of current
microprocessor design and fabrication will be reach in
year 2010 and 2020.
In the future people predict that the speed and the
function will be more faster and stronger as the price of it
will decrease.
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Moore’s Law: the rate of increase in transistor density on
microchips had increased steadily, roughly doubling
every 18 to 24 months.
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Rock’s Law: the cost of fabrication facilities for the latest
generation of chips doubles every four years.
References:
Text Book:
 Burd, Stephen D. Systems Architecture. Third edition.
Course Technology, 2001. ISBN 0-619-0341801
 Capron H.L, Johnson J.A, Computers Tools for an
Information Age. Edition 7. 2002. ISBN 0-13-091954-3

http://miami.int.gu.edu.au/dbs/1010/lectures/lect
ure7/Burd-pp110-123.html
 (http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,3973,23
1,00.asp)