Transcript Chapter 1 - WSU EECS

EE314
Microprocessor Systems
Chapter 1
Microprocessor-based systems
Based on "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors" by James L. Antonakos
1.1 Introduction
Examples of devices using microprocessors (P)
•Pocket calculators
•Digital watches
•Automatic tellers
•Smart telephones
•Compact disk players
•Home security devices
•Realistic video games
•Toys
•VCRs
•Personal computers
1.2 Evolution of Microprocessors
Computers “generations”
• First generation
• Second generation
• Third generation
• Fourth generation
• Fifth generation
ENIAC (vacuum tubes)
(transistors)
(IC - SSI, MSI)
(LSI)
can think?
Microprocessors
MSI
Intel® 4004™, 8008™
LSI
Intel® 8080™, Zilog® Z80™, Motorola® 6800™
•
8 bit data bus, 16 bit address bus (64kbyte=65536 byte of
•
addressable memory), no multiply and divide instructions
•
VLSI
32…64 bit data bus, 2-300MHz clock, RISC concept
1.3 System block diagram
•Crystal oscillator
•Timing circuitry
(counters dividing to
lower frequencies)
Timing
•ROM (Read Only Memory)
(start-up program)
•RAM (Random Access Memory)
•Bus controller
P +
•DRAM (Dynamic RAM) associated •Bus drivers
high capacity, refresh needed
logic
•SRAM (Static RAM) - low
•Coprocessor
circuitry:
power, fast, easy to interface
CPU
Memory
System bus (data, address & control signals)
Parallel I/O
Many wires, fast.
•Printer (high resolution)
•External memory
•Floppy Disk
•Hard Disk
•Compact Disk
•Other high speed devices
Serial I/O
Interrupt circuitry
Simple (only two wires
+ ground) but slow.
At external unexpected events,
P has to interrupt the main
program execution, service the
interrupt request (obviously a
short subroutine) and retake
the main program from the
point where it was interrupt.
•Printer (low resolution)
•Modem
•Operator’s console
•Mainframe
•Personal computer
1.6 The Personal Computer
Speaker
Timer logic
(8253)
Processor
(8086
trough
Pentium
Coprocessor
(8087
trough
80387
System
ROM
640KB
DRAM
System bus (data, address & control signals)
Keyboard
logic (8253)
Keyboard
DMA
Controller
(8237)
Expansion
logic
Video card
Disk controller
Serial port
...
Extension slots
Interrupt
logic (8259)
1.7 Developing software for the personal computer
.ASM file
;NUMOFF.ASM: Turn NUM-LOCK indicator off.
;
All characters following a “;” till the line end
are “comments”, ignored by the assembler
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK
Assembler reserved words
.CODE
Assembly language instructions
.STARTUP
MOV AX,40H
;set AX to 0040H
MOV DS,AX
;load data segment with 0040H
MOV SI,17H
;load SI with 0017H
AND BYTE PTR [SI],0DFH ;clear NUM-LOCK bit
.EXIT
END
1.7 Developing software for the personal computer
.ASM file
;NUMOFF.ASM: Turn NUM-LOCK indicator off.
;
.MODEL SMALL
Register pair (16 bit) (destination of “MOV”)
.STACK
Hexadecimal value to be loaded (source for “MOV”)
.CODE
Prepare the Data Segment
Data Segment register pair
.STARTUP
MOV AX,40H
;set AX to 0040H
MOV DS,AX Source Index ;load data segment with 0040H
MOV SI,17H
;load SI with 0017H
The complete address
AND BYTE PTR [SI],0DFH ;clear NUM-LOCK bit
of the byte containing
.EXIT
NumLock bit is
Second operand for logical “AND”
END
specified.
(immediate hexadecimal value)
ANDing with DFH=1101.1111B,
First operand and destination for
only b5 (bit 5) of specified memory
logical “AND” Memory address
location is affected (reset to 0)
specified by DS and SI together.
1.7 Developing software for the personal computer
.LST file
Memory location addresses
Machine language codes generated by the assembler
0000
0017
001A
001C
001F
B8
8E
BE
80
0040
D8
0017
24 DF
;NUMOFF.ASM: Turn NUM-LOCK indicator off.
;
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK
.CODE
.STARTUP
MOV AX,40H
;set AX to 0040H
MOV DS,AX
;load data segment with 0040H
MOV SI,17H
;load SI with 0017H
AND BYTE PTR [SI],0DFH
;clear NUM-LOCK bit
.EXIT
END