Transcript History and Evolution of the Computingm

Computation is a general term for any type of information
processing.
Information processing involves compilation and
manipulation of data and calculations that give some
useful results.
Computation (Information processing) is a process
following a well defined model that is understood and
can be expressed in an algorithm, formula, etc.
To derive results and for formulation of inferences from
given data.
For data management.
To solve problems.
Needed in Scientific experiments, Economics, Statistics,
Finance, Analysis & Pattern recognition, etc.
Information processing (and hence computation) becomes tedious and
time consuming when
Data is very large in number.
Data is complex.
Processing (calculation) is complex.
Hence a need for faster computation.
OUTCOME: New computational techniques
&
Invention of tools and machines for faster computation
i.e. COMPUTERS
(2400BC-300BC)
Abacus
(Babylonians)
Use of beads and stones
Fixed operation
Simple Arithmetic operation
Manually move the beads
INTRODUCTION OF SIMPLE MACHINES LIKE LEVERS IN COMPUTATION.
It made complex computation faster (MECHANICAL COMPUTERS)
(80 BC)
Antikythera Mechanism
(Greeks)
First complex special purpose
calculator
Astronomical calculations
72 levers
Gave the position of Sun, Moon
and other astronomical bodies
on entering data.
NOTE : Gravitation was not known then yet the
relative position could be calculated
(1500s AD)
Mechanical Calculator
(Leonardo da Vinci)
Blue print (was never actually made)
Use of gears
Simple arithmetic operations
Digit by digit calculation hence like all
primitive calculators it was limited
in operation and calculations
INTRODUCTION OF LOGARITHM IN COMPUTATION
Computation & calculations of very large number made easy
(1600s AD)
Napiers Bones
(John Napier)
Use of printed blocks(bones)
Accuracy in operations of
large numbers improve
Manual operation easier
(1621 AD)
(1642 AD)
Slide Rule
(William Oughtred)
Printed slides
Correspondence with length
Manual operation
Slides for a variety of calculation
were prepared
Made the process of calculation
faster by introduction of already
calculated data
Arithmetic Machine
(Blaise Pascal)
First mechanical digital calculator
Use of gears for different
operations
Faster calculation
Limited operations
INTRODUCTION OF SELF OPERATING MACHINES FOLLOWING A FIXED PROGRAM
It eliminated human participation in the process of calculation saving time and
eliminating human error
(1812 AD)
Difference Engine & Analytical Engine
(Charles Babbage- father of the computer )
Long calculations possible with accuracy
Repetition of operations
Steam powered machine
Operations take place automatically
Fully automatic
Fixed instruction program
Analytical Engine
Difference Engine
(1890 AD)
Hollerith Tabulator
(Dr. Herman Hollerith)
Information compilation and tabulation
Data management for ease of computation
Electrochemical Powered
Use of punch cards
First use- 1890 U.S. census
INTRODUCTION OF BINARY SYSTEM OF NUMBERS FOR COMPUTATION
This technique helped ease the storage of data. New machines to use this system
were benefitted. It helped speed up computation by computers.
(1906 AD)
Invention of Vacuum tube
(Lee De Forest)
Identification and storage of numbers of
the binary system possible
To be used in computers then that were
to use Binary system of numbers
Illuminates on application of
potential difference across the tube
(1939 AD)
First electronic digital computer
(John V. Atanasoff & Clifford Berry)
Electrically Powered
Followed fixed program
Not followed Binary system though
INTRODUCTION OF PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTERS
Helped create computers according to the need of computation.
(1941 AD)
Z3
(Konrad Zuse)
First programmable computer
Used to solve complex engineering
problems
First to use Binary system
Built using 2000 relays
(1947 AD)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
(John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr.)
Use of 18,000 Vacuum tubes
Input given using Punch cards
Programmable by changing the wiring
Complex
First used in computation of artillery firing tables
Occupied lot of space, weighed 30 tons
INTRODUCTION OF TRANSISTORS MAKING COMPUTERS SMALLER IN SIZE
This helped making of more portable computers, eased the process of computation
and made computers faster
(1947 AD)
Invention of Transistor(Triodes)
(William Shockley, John Bardeen
& Walter Brattain of Bell Labs)
Replaced relays and Vacuum
tubes
Use of semiconductors
Doping done to create
switching circuits that help
process data in the binary
system of numbers
(1958 AD)
Invention of first Chip (Integrated Circuit)
(Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce
of Texas Instruments)
Contains many transistors
Made computers smaller and portable
Contributed in building of computers
capable of more complex programming.
(1960 AD)
IBM System/360 series
of mainframe (G) computers
(Gene Amdahl)
First general purpose computers to use ICs
Beginning of age of speedy computation
(1971 AD)
First Microprocessor, 4004
(Ted Hoff)
Intel
Processed 4-bit data
Speed= 108 kHz
2000 transistors
Saw the beginning of superfast
computing in smaller space
RISE OF SUPERCOMPUTING
(1976 AD)
Cray-I Supercomputer
(Cray)
Vector processing
Speed through architecture
Speed=250 MFLOPS
Beginning of Development of new
technologies of supercomputing.
(1989)
Intel 486
(Intel)
World's first 1,000,000
transistor microprocessor
Milestone
Meanwhile the number of transistors on a chip kept increasing and
supercomputer technology kept upgrading to develop faster and faster
computers.
Some supercomputers: Cray-1, CDC Cyber 205, Cray X-MP/4, M-13, Cray2/8, ETA10-G/8, NEC SX-3/44R, Thinking Machines CM-5/1024, Fujitsu
Numerical Wind Tunnel, Intel Paragon XP/S 140, Fujitsu Numerical Wind
Tunnel, Hitachi SR2201/1024, Hitachi/Tsukuba CP-PACS/2048, Intel ASCI
Red/9152, Intel ASCI Red/9632, IBM ASCI White, NEC Earth Simulator, IBM
Blue Gene/L, IBM Roadrunner.
(2004)
Sony and IBM begin production of cell computer chips, a
supercomputer on a chip designed to also be part of teams of chips
(2008)
IBM Roadrunner
Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBM at the Los Alamos National
Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. Currently the world's fastest computer, the
US$133-million Roadrunner is designed for a peak performance of 1.7 petaflops,
achieving 1.026 on May 25, 2008,[1][2][3] and to be the world's first TOP500
Linpack sustained 1.0 petaflops system. It is a one-of-a-kind supercomputer, built
from commodity parts, with many novel design features.