Transcript Primary Storage

Business Plug-In B3
Hardware and
Software
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Describe the six major categories of
hardware and provide an example of
each
2. Identify the different computer categories
and explain their potential business uses
3. Explain the difference between primary
and secondary storage
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
4. List the common input, output, storage,
and communication devices
5. Describe the eight categories of
computers by size
6. Define the relationship between
operating system software and utility
software
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INTRODUCTION
• Information technology (IT) - any
computer-based tool that people use to work
with information and support the information
and information-processing needs of an
organization
– Hardware - consists of the physical devices
associated with a computer system
– Software - the set of instructions that the
hardware executes to carry out specific tasks
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Hardware Basics
• Computer - an electronic device operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory that
can accept, manipulate, and store data
• Hardware components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Central processing unit (CPU)
Primary storage
Secondary storage
Input device
Output device
Communication device
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Hardware Basics
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Hardware Components
CPU
•Keyboard
•Mouse
•Touch Screen
•Printers
•Plotters
•Audio
•Terminals
INPUT
DEVICES
BUSES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
•RAM
•ROM
•Cache
•Registers
•ALU
•Control Unit
SECONDARY
STORAGE
COMMUNICATION
DEVICES
•Hard drive
•Floppy disks
•Optical disks
•Magnetic tape
•Modems
•Network
Interface
cards (NIC)
PRIMARY
STORAGE
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How Computers Represent Data
• BIT (Binary Digit)
– Smallest unit of data
– One of two states, represented by 0 or 1
– Everything – pictures, words, songs, movies –
stored as a series of 0s and 1s in the computer
• BYTE:
– String of 8 bits, representing one character
– Maximum of 256 different characters
– ASCII- American Standard Code for
Information Interchange ( 8 bits per byte)
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How Computers Represent Data
0 or 1 One bit
(Most) Characters are represented by one byte
The word, CANADA, is represented by six bytes:
C
A
N
A
D
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
ASCII character set
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Central Processing Unit (Brain)
• Central processing unit (CPU) (or
microprocessor) - the actual hardware that
interprets and executes the program (software)
instructions and coordinates how all the other
hardware devices work together
• CPU has 2 parts:
– Control unit - interprets software instructions and literally
tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the
software instructions
– Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic
operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all
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logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)
Central Processing Unit
• The number of CPU cycles per second
determines the speed of a CPU – or CPU
clock speed
– Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of
CPU cycles per second
– Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU
cycles per second
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The CPU and Primary Storage
• CPU: Central Processing
Unit
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
performs principal logic and
arithmetic
– Control unit: controls and
coordinates other parts of the
computer system
• Primary Storage
– Data and program instructions
stored temporarily during processing
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Linking Components
• Motherboard
– Physical platform that contains circuitry and components
– Components (e.g. hard drive, cards) are connected via
expansion slots
• Bus
– Connects the microprocessor (CPU) with attachments to
the motherboard
– Three types of busses: data, address & control bus
• Data: moves data to from primary storage
• Address: determines which addresses in primary
storage should be used to temporarily store required
data/instructions
• Control: moves data to from input/output devices and
secondary storage
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Microprocessors (CPU)
MICROPROCESSOR: A semiconductor chip that integrates
memory, logic & control for an entire CPU on a single chip
Speed and performance factors
– Word length (bits the computer can process at one time)
– Clock speed (tempo of the processor)
– Data bus width (bits that can be moved at one time between the
CPU, primary storage & other devices)• IN a 32-bit CPU, a word is 32 bits (4 bytes).
• The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it
determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. For
example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data, whereas a 32-bit
bus can transmit 32 bits of data.
– Chip line width: the distance between transistors on a chip.
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Central Processing Unit
• Binary digit (bit) - the smallest unit of information that a
computer can process
• Byte - a group of eight bits representing one natural
language character
• CPU speed factors:
– Clock speed
– Word length
• A word is simply a fixed-sized group of bits that are handled together by
the system; word lengths are typically 16, 32, or 64 bits
– Bus width- The wider the bus, the more information can flow over
the channel
– Chip line width: the distance between transistors on a chip.
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Microprocessors
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Video
• How is a microprocessor is made.
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Microprocessor Examples
Name
Manufacturer
Word
Length
Clock Speed
Data
Bus
Pentium 2
Intel
32
233-450 MHz 64
Celeron
Intel
32
500-700 MHz 64
Pentium III Intel
32
500-1000
MHz
64
Pentium IV Intel
64
1.5 GHz
64
Itanium
Intel
64
1.5 GHz
64
Power PC
Motorola, IBM,
Apple
32 or
64
100-400 MHz 64
Alpha
DEC/Compaq
64
600+
64
Athlon
AMD
64
800+
64
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Primary Storage
• Primary storage - the computer’s main
memory, which consists of the random
access memory (RAM), cache memory, and
the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly
accessible to the CPU
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Primary Memory &
Semiconductors
• Primary Memory comprised of semiconductor
chips
– An integrated circuit with many transistors on
a silicon chip
• Types of semiconductor storage
– RAM – short-term, volatile
– ROM – read only, contain program
instructions (e.g., how ALU will perform
certain calculations)
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RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
• Random access memory (RAM) - the
computer’s primary working memory, in which
program instructions and data are stored so
that they can be accessed directly by the CPU
via the processor’s high-speed external data
bus
– Volatility
– Cache memory – an ultra-fast internal CPU
memory to store recently accesses or frequently
accesses data.
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READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
• Read-only memory (ROM) - the portion of
a computer’s primary storage that does not
lose its contents when one switches off the
power
– Flash memory
– Memory card
– Memory stick
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RAM
ROM
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Size in the Digital World
Storage Capacity
Byte
Abbreviation
B
Number of Bytes
1
Kilobyte
KB
1 000*
Megabyte
MB
1 000 000
Gigabyte
GB
1 000 000 000
Terabyte
TB
1 000 000 000 000
* Actually 1024 bytes – base 2, not base 10
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Measure of Memory
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Secondary Storage
• Secondary storage - consists of equipment
designed to store large volumes of data for
long-term storage
– Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - roughly 1 million
bytes
– Gigabyte (GB) - roughly 1 billion bytes
– Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes
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Magnetic Medium
• Magnetic medium - a secondary storage medium
that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve
data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically
sensitive materials
• Magnetic tape - an older secondary storage medium
that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a
magnetically sensitive recording medium
• Hard drive - a secondary storage medium that uses
several rigid disks coated with a magnetically
sensitive material and housed together with the
recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism
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Optical Medium
• Optical medium types include:
– Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM)
– Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive
– Digital video disk (DVD)
– DVD-ROM drive
– Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)
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INPUT DEVICES
• Input device - equipment used to capture
information and commands
– Manual input device
• Joystick
• Keyboard
• Microphone
– Automated input device
• Bar code scanner
• Digital camera
• Magnetic ink character reader
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OUTPUT DEVICE
• Output device - equipment used to see,
hear, or otherwise accept the results of
information processing requests
– Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
– Liquid crystal display (LCD)
– Laser printer
– Ink-jet printer
– Plotter
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Communication Device
• Communication device - equipment
used to send information and receive it
from one location to another
– Dial-up access
– Cable
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
– Wireless
– Satellite
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Computer Categories
• For the past 20 years, federally funded
supercomputing research has given birth
to some of the computer industry’s most
significant technology breakthroughs
including:
– Clustering
– Parallel processing
– Mosaic browser
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Categories of
Computers
• Personal Computer (PC)
– Desktop microcomputer
– Laptop Computers: notebook computers, portable
• Workstations
– Desktop with powerful mathematical & graphics
engines
– e.g. Sun MicroSystems
• Midrange Computer
– Mid-sized computer, size of an office desk
– Can support small organization or manage networks
– Minicomputers ( used in universities, factories, servers)
– example: IBM eServer iSeries
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Categories of Computers
(continued)
• Mainframe
– Large computer
– Used for scientific, military and large
business applications
• Supercomputer
– Fastest and most powerful computer class
– Experimental – product showcases
– Top 500 supercomputers
• Server Farms
– Groups of servers maintained by
commercial vendors
– Often made available to subscribers for
electronic commerce requiring heavy use
of servers
B3-36
Computer Categories
• Computer categories include:
– Personal digital assistant (PDA)
– Laptop
– Tablet
– Desktop
– Workstation
– Minicomputer
– Mainframe computer
– Supercomputer
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Software Basics
• System software - controls how the various
technology tools work together along with the
application software
– Operating system software
– Utility software
– Application software
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Utility Software
• Types of utility software
– Crash-proof
– Disk image
– Disk optimization
– Encrypt data
– File and data recovery
– Text protect
– Preventative security
– Spyware
– Uninstaller
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Application Software
• Types of application software
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bowser
Communication
Data management
Desktop publishing
E-mail
Groupware
Presentation graphics
Programming
Spreadsheet
Word processing
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Closing Case One
Changing Circuits at Circuit City
• Circuit City was doing so well in the 1990s
that business consultant Jim Collins, in his
best seller Good to Great, wrote: “From 1982
to 1999, Circuit City generated cumulative
stock returns 22 times better than the market,
handily beating Intel, Wal-Mart, GE, HewlettPackard and Coca-Cola”
• Today, Circuit City is in a markedly different
position
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Closing Case One Questions
1. How would anticipating Best Buy’s growth
have helped Circuit City remain as an industry
leader?
2. Why is keeping up with technology critical to a
global company such as Circuit City?
3. Highlight some of the potential risks facing
Circuit City’s new business model
4. Why is Circuit City benefiting from
implementing strategic product placement
techniques?
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Closing Case Two
Electronic Breaking Points
•
What happens when someone accidentally spills
a cup of hot coffee on a laptop, puts a USB
memory key in a washing machine, or drops an
iPod in the sand?
•
How much abuse can electronic products take
and keep on working?
•
PC World tested several products to determine
their breaking points
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Closing Case Two Questions
1. Identify six hardware categories and place each
product listed in the case in its appropriate
category
2. Describe the CPU and identify which products
would use a CPU
3. Describe the relationship between memory
sticks and laptops. How can a user employ one
to help protect information loss from the other?
4. Identify the different types of software each of
the products listed in the case might use
B3-44