Transcript Whitehall-Robins Business-to-Business Plan

PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Business Innovation Through Information
Technology
Hardware
Ron Williams
1
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
IT Spending
2001
Internal Staff
Hardware
14%
3%
32%
13%
17%
21%
Software
Data & Voice
Communications
External Services
Other
Source: Gartner 2001
Ron Williams
2
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Some of the Costs
External Services
Operations
Development
Maintenance
Installation & Test
Technology Scan
Internal Staff (Salaries)
Communications
Hardware
Services (Lines)
Software
Cost/Depreciation
Upgrades
Hardware
Depreciation
Maintenance
Electricity & Space
What About Downtime, Obsolescence, Opportunity Costs?
Ron Williams
3
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Input
• Input: collecting raw data to be processed
• Forms of input include:
– Keyboard (most widely used input device)
– Pointing devices, such as mouse, trackball, touch pad, touchsensitive screen, pen
– Scanners, including desktop systems with OCR programs, POS
terminals, MICR
– Voice recognition
Ron Williams
4
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Output
• Output:
converting computer data into a form
usable by humans
• Forms of output include:
– screens (monitors)
– printers
– voice (audio)
Ron Williams
5
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Conceptual View of Processing
Data
Programs
(Software)
CPU
Primary
Memory
Other System Components
Storage
Ron Williams
6
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Two main components that must work with the
primary memory in order for processing to occur
in the CPU:
(1) control unit, which interprets instructions and
manages the sequence of operations, such as
sending of data in and out during processing
(2) arithmetic-logic unit, where arithmetic
(mathematical) and logical (comparison)
operations are actually performed
Ron Williams
7
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Machine Cycle
• Sequence of events for CPU to interpret and
execute a program instruction
• Instruction cycle:
part of the machine cycle during
which an instruction is obtained and interpreted
• Execution cycle:
part of the machine cycle during
which operations are performed based on results of
instruction cycle
• MIPS:
millions of instructions per second; used as
a computer speed comparison measure for many
larger systems
Ron Williams
8
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Microprocessors - Speed Factors
• Clock speed (number of electronic pulses
produced each second)
• Word size (number of bits that can be processed
at one time)
• Bus width (number of bits that can travel at one
time)
• Memory capabilities (how much data and
instructions can be available at a time)
• Cache size and type (some cache is closer to the
processor and thus has faster access)
Ron Williams
9
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Primary Memory
• Primary memory temporarily stores instructions,
data, and results; referred to as “volatile”; contents
of memory may be lost if the power goes off
• Contents are replaced by other data brought in to
the same location, a write process that is referred
to as “destructive”; accessing data but not
changing it is a read process, which is
“nondestructive”
Ron Williams
10
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
RAM versus ROM
• Random-Access Memory (RAM)
– Working area for various activities
– Temporary holding place for data/programs
– Contents retained only when computer is on
• Read-Only Memory (ROM)
– Location of startup procedures
– Holding place for all permanent internal instructions
– Contents retained when computer is on or off
Ron Williams
11
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Differences in Storage Sizes
Gigabyte
>1 billion bytes
Megabyte
>1 million bytes
Kilobyte
>1 thousand bytes
Ron Williams
12
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Magnetic Disk Storage Media
• Disks are direct access storage devices (DASD),
because each storage position has a unique address
that can be accessed directly instead of limited to the
sequential design of magnetic tape media
• Disks have tracks that are subdivided into “sectors”; the
tracks and sectors are part of the data’s address used
for access
• Two forms of magnetic disk are floppy disks and hard
disks
Ron Williams
13
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Floppy Disks
• Most microcomputers today have a 3 1/2” floppy disk drive
and may also have a Zip disk drive
• Disk drives have read/write heads (also used with
magnetic tape systems), which are on access arms that
move over a disk
• Access time:
how long it takes for a seek operation
(reaching the appropriate track) and a search operation
(reaching the appropriate position on the track); then data
is transferred to memory
Ron Williams
14
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Hard Disks
• Use of a disk drive with one or more metal disks,
usually built into the computer hardware and tightly
sealed
• Operates similarly to a floppy disk drive, but hard disk
drive can rotate faster
• May include multiple disks arranged as a disk pack,
in which disks rotate together with access arms in
between disks; a particular track location on all disks
is called a cylinder and is used as part of an address
of data stored on a disk
Ron Williams
15
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Optical Disk Storage Media
• Uses laser technology
• Has a longer shelf life than magnetic media
• Cost of storage is higher than for magnetic media
• Can be used for permanent storage of data, in which what is
stored is never changed, and also for data that can be erased so
that the disk can be reused
• Used extensively for storage of images
Ron Williams
16
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
“Write-Once” Disks
• WORM technology:
acronym for “write once, read
many”; data that is stored cannot be erased but can be
read as often as desired
• Disk may continue to be used for data storage until it is
full, although existing data cannot be changed
• Permanence of storage has allowed data stored in this
way to be used as legal evidence and for other
permanent records
• CD-ROM is written to only once, usually all at one time,
rather than being able to add data later
Ron Williams
17
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Storage Media Comparison
• Magnetic tape
– Widely used for backup copies, in which sequential arrangement is
acceptable
• Magnetic disk
– Useful for day-to-day activities requiring direct access
• Optical disk
– Useful when storage of photos and other images is required
– Backup copies as prices decrease
Ron Williams
18
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Distributed
Clientscomputing
& Servers
Application
Processing
Department/Division/Enterprise
DBMS
Database
Server
Desktop
Application
Processing
Ron Williams
Client
Client
Client
19
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
Hardware & Operating System are
Distributed computing
Closely
Linked
IT
Operating System
UNIX
NT
OS/400
OS390
LINIX
Server (Multi-user)
NT (Dell, HP, IBM, Compaq)
UNIX (Sun, HP, IBM)
OS/400 or MVS (IBM)
LINIX (IBM, Dell, Sun, etc)
Windows
Ron Williams
Client (Single-user)
Intel Client
Client
20
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Rapid Decline in Hardware Costs
• Moore’ Law (Semiconductors)
– Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, observed in 1965 that chip density
of integrated circuits had double every year since invented
– Moore’s Law later modified to say that chip density would double every
18 months
• Has proven true
• Predicted to hold for at least next 21 decades
– Implication – one gets 2X the computer power for the same price every
18 months
– Example
• 1974: Intel 8080
 3500 Transistors
 8 bit addressing
 .06 MIPS (Million of Instructions per minute)
• 2000: Intel Pentium IV
 25,000,000 Transistors
 32 bit addressing
 > 1500 MIPS
• Storage Costs
Ron Williams
– 1980 - $1000/megabyte
– 1992 - $1/megabyte
– 2002 - $1/gigabyte
21
PPTTEST 3/25/2017 05:46
IT
Rich-Con Steel Concerns
• Why did Rich-Con keep the hardware so long?
• How did that impact software decisions?
• How did they both impact the business?
• What should they have done over time?
• What should they be concerned about now with regard
to hardware and software?
Ron Williams
22