Transcript Integrated IC

A microelectronic computer circuit incorporated
into a chip or semiconductor
In electronics, an as IC is a miniaturized electronic circuit.
An electronic circuit consisting of many interconnected devices on one
piece of semiconductor, typically into 10 millimeters on a side.
ICs are the major building blocks of today's computers.
A collection of transistors and electrical circuits all built onto
a single crystal. Today's integrated circuits are no more than a centimeter long,
and they can carry millions of microscopic transistors.
Integrated circuits are used from everything from the microwave to the
COMPUTER…
They consist of a number of diodes,
transistors, sensors, and microprocessors
Diodes are electronic devices that regulate flow
in the circuit and are essential to the functionality of integrated circuits.
Transistors are devices that are used for a number
of functions such as voltage stabilization and amplification.
Integrated circuits have thousands and even millions of transistors on a single chip.
Microprocessors are the most important component to an
integrated circuit, which provides memory,
and allows ICs to control everything
To build an integrated circuit, semiconductors, or the
components used to create ICs are all created from
chemical elements
Silicon is the most widely used type,
elements such as Germanium and gallium arsenide are still used for some devices
Silicon is the most desirable as it is relatively easy to process and
has a temperature range that is ideal for electrical devices
Jack Kilby's Chip - the Monolithic Idea
In the summer of 1958 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
saw an opportunity to find a solution
Kilby's idea was to make all the components and the
chip out of the same block (monolith) of semiconductor material
He was allowed to build a test version of his circuit.
In September 1958, he had his first integrated circuit ready.
It was tested and it worked perfectly!
Jack Kilby is probably most famous for his invention,
he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 2000.
The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors.
Called "Small-Scale Integration
SSI circuits were crucial to early aerospace projects, and vice-versa.
Minuteman missile and Apollo program needed lightweight
digital computers for their inertial guidance systems
The Apollo guidance computer led and motivated the i-c technology
while the Minuteman missile forced it into mass-production
In the late 1960s, introduced devices which contained
hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "Medium-Scale Integration" (MSI)
They allowed more complex systems to be
produced using smaller circuit boards, less assembly work.
) Further development, driven by the same economic factors, led to "Large-Scale Integration"
(LSI) in the mid 1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip
CLASSIFICATION

Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both
analog and digital on the same chip).

Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates,
flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small
size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced
manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs,
typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers work using binary
mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals.

Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational
amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like
amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc. Analog ICs ease the
burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available
instead of designing a difficult analog circuit from scratch.
Why the Integrated Circuit
Was Needed?
In designing a complex electronic machine like a computer it was
always necessary to increase the number of components
involved in order to make technical advances.
The monolithic integrated circuit placed the previously separated
transistors, resistors, capacitors and all the connecting wiring
onto a single crystal (or 'chip') madeof semiondcuctor material.
Kilby used germanium and Noyce
used silicon for the semiconductor material.
computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now
inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies.
That is modern computing, communications, manufacturing and
transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the existence
of integrated circuits.
Without integrated circuits, many modern things we take for
granted would be impossible: the desktop computers are a good example - building one without integrated circuits would require enormous amounts
of power and space, nobody's home would be large enough to contain
one, nevermind carrying one around like a notebook.