Transcript TK2123-Lecture3-Computer Evolution

TK 2123
COMPUTER ORGANISATION &
ARCHITECTURE
Lecture 3: Computer Evolution
Dr Masri Ayob
[email protected]
Contents
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This lecture will discuss:
A Brief History of the Computer.
 Moore’s Law
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A Brief History of the Computer
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It is not possible, nor particularly useful, to
identify the date of the “invention” of the
computer.
Indeed it has always been the aspiration of
humankind to create devices that would simplify
people’s work.
E.g. one could consider the abacus, already in
use as early as 500 B.C. by the ancient Greeks
and Romans, to be an early predecessor of the
computer.
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Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945)
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Charles Babbage, an English
mathematician who lived in the early
1800s, build a mechanical calculating
machine that he called an “analytical
engine.”
The analytical engine (Babbage’s
machine) resembles the modern
computer in many conceptual ways.
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Babbage’s machine
Babbage’s machine:
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use punched cards for input data and for the
program;
provided memory for internal storage;
performed calculations as specified by the program
using a central processing unit known as a “mill,” and
printed output.
The sequence of operation was specified by
instructions on the operation cards.
The operation cards could be advanced or reversed
as a means of implementing a sort of “goto”
instruction.
The second set of cards, known as variable cards,
were to be used to specify particular memory
locations for the data involved in the calculations.
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Figure 1.12 Block diagram of Babbage’s analytical engine Source: From Computer
Architecture and Organization 2e, J. Hayes, copyright © 1988, by McGraw-Hill
Companies, pg. 14 Reprinted by permission.
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Babbage’s machine
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Although the analytical engine was never
completed, it should be apparent to you
that it contains all the essential elements
of today’s computers.
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Boolean Logic
At approximately the same time, George
Boole (English mathematician), developed
the binary theory of logic- Boolean logic.
 He also recognized the relationship
between binary arithmetic and Boolean
logic that makes possible the circuitry that
implements the modern electronic
computer.
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ENIAC background
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Much of the effort that culminated in a
successful general-purpose computer
architecture resulted from a wartime need for the
solution to difficult mathematical formulas related
to ballistic missile trajectories and other World
War II research.
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
(ENIAC) is generally considered to be the first
all-electronic digital computer
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ENIAC - background
Eckert and Mauchly
 University of Pennsylvania
 Trajectory tables for weapons
 Started 1943
 Finished 1946
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Too late for war effort
Used until 1955
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ENIAC - details
Decimal (not binary)
 20 accumulators of 10 digits
 Programmed manually by switches
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 30 tons
 15,000 square feet
 140 kW power consumption
 5,000 additions per second
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von Neumann
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In 1945, John von Neumann, a consultant
on the ENIAC project, proposed a
computer that included a number of
significant improvements over the ENIAC
design.
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Stored Program concept.
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von Neumann
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Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
Input and output equipment operated by control
unit.
Two different version of von Neumann’s
architecture were designed and built:
 IAS at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
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EDVAC at the University of Pennsylvania.
Completed 1952.
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Von Neumann Machine
The original Von Neumann machine.
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IAS - details
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1000 x 40 bit words
Binary number
 2 x 20 bit instructions
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Set of registers (storage in CPU)
Memory Buffer Register
 Memory Address Register
 Instruction Register
 Instruction Buffer Register
 Program Counter
 Accumulator
 Multiplier Quotient
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Structure of
IAS –
detail
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Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes
 Smaller
 Cheaper
 Less heat dissipation
 Solid State device
 Made from Silicon (Sand)
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
 William Shockley et al.
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Transistor Based Computers
Second generation machines
 NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
 IBM 7000
 DEC - 1957
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Produced PDP-1
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Microelectronics
Literally - “small electronics”
 A computer is made up of gates, memory
cells and interconnections
 These can be manufactured on a
semiconductor
 e.g. silicon wafer
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Generations of Computer
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Zeroth Generation :Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945).
Vacuum tube: 1946-1957
Transistor: 1958-1964
Small scale integration: 1965 on
 Up to 100 devices on a chip
Medium scale integration:- to 1971
 100-3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration: 1971-1977
 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration: 1978 -1991
 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integration: 1991  Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
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Moore’s Law
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Increased density of components on chip
Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel
Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
 Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher
performance
Smaller size gives increased flexibility
Reduced power and cooling requirements
Fewer interconnections increases reliability
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Growth in CPU Transistor Count
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IBM 360 series
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1964
Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
First planned “family” of computers
 Similar or identical instruction sets
 Similar or identical O/S
 Increasing speed
 Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals)
 Increased memory size
 Increased cost
Multiplexed switch structure
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DEC PDP-8
1964
 First minicomputer
 Did not need air conditioned room
 Small enough to sit on a lab bench
 $16,000
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$100k+ for IBM 360
Embedded applications
 BUS STRUCTURE
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Intel
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1971: 4004
First microprocessor
 All CPU components on a single chip
 4 bit
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Followed in 1972 by 8008
8 bit
 Both designed for specific applications
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1974: 8080
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Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
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Thank you
Q&A
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