Transcript The Analytical Engine

Augusta Ada King,
Countess of Lovelace
1815-1852
”The Analytical Engine weaves algebraic
patterns just as the Jacquard loom
weaves flowers and leaves”
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Charles Babbage’s patron, assistant, and chronicler
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Daughter of Lord Byron, the poet
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Wrote sets of instructions for the Analytical Engine
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World’s first computer programmer
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U.S. Department of Defense named its
programming langauge Ada after her
Jacquard loom
Herman Hollerith
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Developed a tabulating machine
for the U.S. census of 1890
Stacks of punched cards served
as a permanent memory
Cut census time from 10+
years to 6 weeks
Not programmable
Started a company to market
his machine which merged with
others to form the ComputingTabulating-Recording Company
(eventually known as...
)
Herman Hollerith
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
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American physicists at Iowa State
College
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Berry was Atanasoff’s grad student
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Built ABC machine in late 1930s
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Special-purpose calculator for
finding solutions to systems of
equations
All-electronic design using
vacuum tubes for switching
elements
Never completed, due to
insufficient funding
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(replica)
Konrad Zuse
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German engineer under the Third Reich
Built Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 in late 1930s and
early 1940s with Helmut Schreyer
Electromechanical design with relays for
switching elements
General-purpose computing device
Controlled by perforated celluloid strips
(like punched cards)
First machine to use binary number system
Never completed, due to insufficient funding
from the Nazi government
110010101
100010001101
11110
0001011
001001011
1101010
Howard Aiken
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American physicist and applied mathematician
Built Mark I at Harvard in collaboration with
Grace Hopper and IBM engineers in 1944
Inspired by Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Electromechanical design with relays for
switching elements
Rear Admiral Grace Hopper
Howard Aiken
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Handled 23-digit numbers, logarithms,
trigonometric functions
Controlled by punched paper tape
Fully automatic but slow
(3-5 seconds per multiplication)
Remained in use at Harvard until 1959
Rear Admiral Grace Hopper
The First Bug
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Grace Hopper found the first actual computer bug
while working on the Mark II in 1945
Alan Turing
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English mathematician and first
true computer scientist
Invented a mathematical model of
a computer called a Turing
Machine
Proved fundamental theorems
about the limitations of computers
Wrote groundbreaking papers in
many different fields
–
Theory of computation (1936)
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Artificial intelligence (1950)
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Self-organizing chemical
reactions (1952)
Alan Turing
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During World War II, he secretly
worked for the British government
to crack German Enigma codes
Helped develop the British
electronic code-breaking computer
called Colossus
Enabled Allies to read German
military transmissions from 1942
on
Persecuted by British government
after the war for being homosexual
Forced to undergo hormone
“therapy”
Committed suicide in 1954 at the
age of 41
ENIAC
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Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Calculator
Developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania in
1945
First general-purpose all-electronic digital
computer
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Filled a 30 x 50 ft. room
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Weighed 30 tons
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Dissipated 150,000 watts
of energy
Performed calculations for
the atomic bomb project
at Los Alamos
ENIAC
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Used 19,000 vacuum tubes
ENIAC
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...which tended to burn out frequently
Hmm...maybe it’s
this one? Nope...
How about this one?
Nope...
ENIAC
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Reprogramming required physically rewiring the machine
ENIAC
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...which was a tedious and error-prone process
Hold on... I think the
blue one and the red
one are supposed to
be reversed...
ENIAC
ENIAC
ENIAC
ENIAC
John von Neumann
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Hungarian mathematician, computer
scientist, cyberneticist, all-around
genius
Worked on atomic bomb project in WW
II
Invented game theory and developed
theory of self-replicating automata
Originated key concept of
stored-program computer
in 1945
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Program instructions = data
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Easily reprogrammable
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Von Neumann architecture
is still the universal standard
EDVAC
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Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
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Designed by Mauchly, Eckert, and Von Neumann
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Stored-program design
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Used binary instead of
decimal to represent
information
Version called UNIVAC I
was the first commercially
available computer system
Sold to the U.S. Census
Bureau in 1951
First Generation Computers
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Mid 1940s to late 1950s
Stored-program design with ~ 1000 words of
RAM
Used vacuum tubes, but required less space than
ENIAC
Punched cards for input and output
Vacuum tube or magnetic core memory
for data storage
Programmed directly
in binary machine
language
Included EDVAC and
UNIVAC
First Generation Computers
Transistors
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Invented at Bell Labs in 1947 by
William Shockley, John Bardeen,
and Walter Brattain
Generated far less heat than
vacuum tubes
Required far less power
Much faster, smaller, cheaper,
and more reliable
Transistors
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Incorporated into Second Generation computers in the late
1950s and early 1960s
Integrated Circuits
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Invented in the late 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments
Many transistors etched on a single silicon chip as a single
electronic circuit
Faster due to decreased distance between transistors
Incorporated into Third Generation computers in the mid
1960s to early 1970s
VLSI Technology
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Very Large Scale Integration
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Thousands or millions of transistors per chip
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First microprocessor chip: Intel 4004 (1971)
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Designed by Ted Hoff for Japanese calculator company
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Followed by Intel 8008 and 4040 (1972) and 8080 (1974)
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Entire computer packaged as a single integrated circuit
chip
Like having an Analytical Engine the size of a shirt button
VLSI Technology
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Incorporated into Fourth Generation computers from the
mid 1970s to the present
VAX minicomputer from Digital Equipment Corporation (early
1980s)
MITS Altair 8800 (1975)
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First popular and affordable microcomputer ($375)
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Based on Intel 8080 chip
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256 bytes of RAM (that’s bytes, not kilobytes or
megabytes)
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Programmed by manually flipping switches on front panel
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Output in the form of blinking lights
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No software
available
MITS couldn’t
sell them fast
enough!
MITS Altair 8800 (1975)
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Some assembly required
MITS Altair 8800 (1975)
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Some assembly required
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
promised MITS a BASIC
interpreter for the Altair,
leading to the creation of
Microsoft in 1975
Ha, ha, I’m richer than you!
Other Early Developments
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IMSAI 8080 microcomputer
was similar to the Altair 8800
Doug Engelbart invented the
mouse at SRI in 1964
Xerox PARC Alto computer
(1974) used mouse, graphics,
menus, and icons
Apple Computer, Inc.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
The original Apple I
Apple II (1977)
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color graphics
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BASIC, 4K RAM
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cassette tape data storage
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$1300
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VisiCalc released in 1979
Apple Computer, Inc.
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Sales went from $2.5 million to $583 million in six years
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Fortune 500 by 1982
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Steve Jobs visits Xerox PARC in 1979
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Apple Macintosh introduced in 1984
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First widely available microcomputer with GUI
The Personal Computing Era is Born
Radio Shack
TRS-80 Model I
affectionately
known as the
“Trash 80”
Commodore PET
(1977)
IBM PC (1981)
TRS-80 Model II
reverse-engineered
by Compaq in 1985
The Internet and the World Wide Web
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ARPANET created in 1969 by connecting together
4 computers at UCSB, UCLA, Utah, and SRI
World Wide Web conceived at CERN in Switzerland
in late 1980s by Tim Berners-Lee
First Web browser written in 1990
by Tim Berners-Lee using a NeXT
computer
The Internet and the World Wide Web
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Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina at the University of
Illinois develop Mosaic Web browser
Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark found Netscape
Communications, Inc. in 1994
Netscape goes public on August 9, 1995 and
is worth $3 billion by the end of the day
Marc Andreesen
The Future . . . ?
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“I think there is a world market for maybe five
computers”
—Thomas J. Watson
Chairman of IBM, 1943
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“If automotive technology had progressed as fast as
computer technology between 1960 and today, the car
today would have an engine less than a tenth of an inch
across, would get 120,000 miles per gallon, have a top
speed of 240,000 miles per hour, and would cost $4”
—Rick Decker and Stuart Hirshfield
The Analytical Engine
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Other predictions, anyone?
For Further Reading
One of the best available histories
of the personal computer revolution is
Fire in the Valley: the Making of the Personal Computer
by Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine