Transcript Technology Guide 1

Technology Guide 1
Hardware
T1-1
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Representing Data in Computer
• Coding Schemes
– ASCII (American National Standard Code for
information Interchange)
– EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code)
• Binary Digit, or Bit
– Binary 1 or 0
• Byte
– 8 bits
• Uni-code
T1-2
– 16-bit code that has the capacity of representing more
than 65,000 characters and symbols
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Representing Pictures, Time
• Pictures
– Pixel : measure the color (or light level) of
each cell of the grid
• Time
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–
T1-3
Millisecond = 1/1000 seconds
Microsenond = 1/1,000,000
Nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000
Picosencond = 1/1,000,000,000,000
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Representing Size of Bytes
• Size is measured by the number of bytes
– Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes (actually 1024)
– Megabyte = 1,000 kilobytes = 106 bytes
– Gigabyte = 109 bytes
– Terabyte = 1012 bytes
– Petabyte = 1015 bytes
– Exabyte = 1018 bytes
T1-4
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Hardware Generations
T1-5
Feature
1st
2nd
3rd
Circuitry
Primary
storage
Cycle times
Average
cost
Vacuum tubes Transistors
Integrated circuits
2 KB
64 KB
4 KB
100 millisecs
10 microsecs
500 nanosecs
$2.5 million
$250 thousand $25 thousand
Feature
4th(early)
4th(1988)
Circuitry
Primary
storage
Cycle times
Average
cost
LSI and VLSI ULSL
GSI
16 MB
64 MB
128 MB
800 picosecs
2,000 picosecs 4,000 picosecs
4th(2000)
$2.5 thousand $2.0 thousand $1.5 thousand
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Other Generations
• Fifth-Generation Computer
– use Massive Parallel processing to process
multiple instructions simultaneously
• Future Generations
– DNA (Deoxycomputer acid) : coding a problem
into the alphabet and then creating conditions
under which DNA molecules are formed that
encode all possible solutions of a problem
• Optical Computer
– uses beams of light instead of electrons
T1-6
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Supercomputers
– the computers with the most processing power
– valuable for large simulation models of realworld phenomena, where complex
mathematical representations and calculations
are required, or for image creation and
processing
• Massively-Parallel Computers
T1-7
– modern problems in science and engineering,
such as structural engineering, fluid mechanics,
and other large scale physical simulations
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Mainframes
– large corporations, where data
processing is centralized and large
databases are maintained
• Minicomputers
– widespread acceptance within the
scientific community and, more recently,
within the business community
T1-8
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Microcomputers (PCs)
– Four classifications
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Desktop personal computer
Laptop computers
Notebooks
Palmtop computers
– Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• a palmtop computer that combines a fast processor with
a multitasking operating system using a pen rather than
keyboard input for handwriting recognition
– Smart Cards
T1-9
• Contain a small CPU, memory, and an input/output
device that allow these “computers” to used in everyday
activities such as person identification and banking
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Network Computer and Terminals
– Network computer (NC)
• a desktop terminal that does not store
software programs or data
permanently
– Windows-based terminals (WBTs)
• a subset of the NC
• access Windows applications on
central servers as if those applications
were running locally
T1-10
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
The Components of
Computer Hardware
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
Central Processing Unit
Control Arithmetic-Logic
Unit
Bus Unit
Primary Storage
Bus
Communication
Devices
Bus
Secondary
Storage
T1-11
Bus
External
Network
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• The Central Process Unit (CPU)
– The center of all computerprocessing activities, where all
processing is controlled, data are
manipulated, arithmetic
computations are performed, and
logical comparisons are made.
T1-12
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Primary Storage
– integrated circuits are interconnected
layers of etched semiconductor
materials forming electrical transistor
memory units with “on-off” positions
that direct he electrical current
passing through them
T1-13
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Buses
– data is passed in electronic form via this channel
– data bus; address bus; control bus
– bus width : capacity of a bus
• Control Unit
T1-14
– reads instructions and directs the other
components of the computer system to perform
the functions required by the program
– machine cycle : series of operations required to
process a single machine instruction
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit : internal memory
– Random-Access Memory (RAM) : the place in
which the CPU stores the instructions and data it
is processing
• Dynamic random access memories(DRAMs)
• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
– Read-Only Memory (ROM) : continually
retained program instructions
T1-15
• Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
• Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM)
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Microprocessor Speed
– The speed of a chip depends on four
things: the clock speed, the word length,
the data bus width, and the design of the
chip
• Parallel Processing
T1-16
– A computer system with two or more
processors
– Systems with large numbers of processors
are called massively parallel processor
(MPP) systems
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Secondary Storage
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Magnetic tape
• Hard disk
Magnetic disks • Zip disks
Optical storage devices
Compact disk read-only memory (CDROM) disk
– write once, read many (WORM)
– Rewritable optical disks
– Digital video disk (DVD)
T1-17
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Input Devices
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T1-18
Keyboard
Mouse
Touch Screen
Touchpad
Light Pen
Joystick
Automated Teller Machines
Electronic Forms
Whiteboard
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Source Data Automation
T1-19
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Point of Sale Terminals
Bar Code Scanner
Optical Character Reader
Handwriting Recognizers
Voice Recognizers
Magnetic Ink Character Readers
Digitizers
Digital Cameras
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Output Devices
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T1-20
Monitors
Impact Printers
Nonimpact Printers
Plotters
Voice Output
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Multimedia
T1-21
• A group of human-machine communication
media, some of which can be combined in
one application
• Involves the use of computers to improve
human-machine communication by using a
combination of media
• Merges the capabilities of computers with
television sets, VCRs, CD players, and
other entertainment devices
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
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