Transcript the machine that changed the world

THE MACHINE THAT
CHANGED THE WORLD
A Yousef production
From Abaci to Pentiums to …
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One of the earliest devices to
help humans calculate was the
abacus
Slide rule
The slide rule allowed faster
Calculations with logarithms
Pascaline
Worked similarly to an odometer
Jacquard’s Loom
Hollerith’s Machine
Babbage’s Analytic Engine
Babbage’s analytic engine was never
Built, but the image to the left illustrates
Mark I
The first bug
Early computers were expensive
and difficult to construct
The needs of Integrated
Circuits
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After the invention of
transistors in 1947 scientist
tried to use the transistors in a
small Integrated Circuits
Integrated Circuits were
needed because the vacuum
tubes were costly, produce a
lot of heat, heavy and slow
Transistors
The needs of Integrated
Circuits Cont.
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Scientists decided to figure out
a new way to solve this
problem with vacuum tubesand start to produce Integrated
Circuits which helped them to
do the job easily
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Transistors are small, fast,
reliable and effective, and
quickly replaced the vacuum
tube
Vacuum Tube
Different kind of
Microprocessor
Speaking of computers, the most
important thing we have to discuss is
the astonishing improvement of
Microprocessors in the last 30 years
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The first Microprocessors included
2300 transistors, produced by Intel in
1971. The name of that processor was
“Intel 4004”
Intel 4004
In 1974 Intel produced “Intel 8080”, this
chip included 4800 transistors
Intel 8080
Different kind of
Microprocessor Cont.
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In 1976 a new company called
Zilog produced “Zilog Z80”. This
chip contained 8500 transistors
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In 1985 Intel again produced
new microprocessors; these
were called “Intel 386DX”.
These processors contained 275
thousand transistors
Zilog Z80
Intel 386DX
Different kind of
Microprocessor Cont.
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In 1993 Intel produced the first version of
Pentium - the speed of this chip was fast!;
they also improved the functionality in this
generation of processors. The use of this
processor was for the personal use and
contained 3.1 million transistors
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Two months ago (June 24), 2004 Intel
produced the most powerful Microprocessor
called Celeron, which contains 80 million
transistors and has a clock speed of 2.8
GHz.
Celeron
Why are the processors
getting bigger in size?
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Microprocessor are getting bigger from
one version to another because
scientists need to put more and more
transistors in the processor.
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In the earliest versions they didn’t
include different component in the
microprocessor, such as ALU
(Arithmetic Logic Unit) and Registers.
They were separated from the actual
processor
Why it contained more
transistors??
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As we know, transistors are switches
which can be turn on and off. That’s
how computers work. If we increase
the number of transistors we actually
increase the number of operations
and the number of the on and off’s
that take place when the
microprocessor work.
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Each newest version of
microprocessor included more
functionality from the earliest one.
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As we can see, different
companies tried to produce
different kind of microprocessors
and tried to improve their
products; most of these
companies went bankrupt others still until this day produce
different kind of chips such as
Intel, AMD, IBM, Motorola, HP
and Hitachi.
Then what???
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The Future of Computers
DNA Computers
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One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more
information than all the electronic computers ever
built
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More than 10-trillion DNA molecules can fit into an
area no larger than 1 cubic centimeter
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Computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes of
data and perform 10-trillion calculations at a time
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Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers
could perform calculations simultaneously
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Conventional computers operate linearly, taking on
tasks one at a time. But parallel computing that will
allow DNA to solve complex mathematical problems
in hours -- problems that might take electrical
computers hundreds of years to complete
Conclusion
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As we can see,
computers are
getting better
and better
every year. But
the question is
- if computers
aren’t used in
the proper way,
what’s going to
happen ….. ?
For more Information
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www.intel.com
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http://www.computerhistory.org/
exhibits/microprocessors/
Questions?