Transcript History of Computers

History of Computers
Necessity is the Mother of
Invention
Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill
1
First Attempts at
Counting Systems
 Chalkmarks
- scratches on wall
 Roman Numerals
– mark for groups of numbers I,V,C,D
 Decimal System
– base 10
– invented by Hindus, century or two AD
– adopted and improved by Arabs - 7th
century
– Mohammed ibn Mûsâ al-Khowârizmî ~ 825
– Dutch Army Quartermaster adds digits to
right of decimal in 15th century
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Early Computing Aids
 Counting
Board
– rocks on grooves in board or stone tablets
– 5000 years BC
 Abacus
– beads string on wires
– positional math
– 3500 years BC
– still in use today
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Napier's Bones
 John
Napier
– 1614
 portable
multiplication tool
– ivory rods with triangular grids that when
laid side by side would show answer to
multiplication problem
 lead
to development of the slide rule by
Edmund Gunter in 1620
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Pascaline
 Blaise Pascal
– French mathematician and philosopher
– father was tax collector
– programming language named for him
 1642
 cogs
and wheels
 could add and subtract
– unsuccessfully marketed
– mechanical accuracy problems
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Stepped Reckoner
 Gottfried
Von Leibniz
– Prussian mathematician
– independently invented Calculus
 could
add, subtract, multiply and divide
 1671 started, finished in 1694
 better acceptance than pascaline
 accepted by Emperor of China, Czar of
Russia (Peter the Great) and the French
Academy of Science
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Industrial Revolution
 Started
in England in 1760, completed
by 1830
 Enlightened people as to what
machines could do
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 Joseph
Jacquard Loom
Jacquard
– French silk weaver
 1801
 designs for silk created by punched wooden
cards
– cards connected to form "belt" so design
could be repeated many times
 by 1812, 11,000 looms in France alone
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Difference Engine
 Charles
Babbage (1791-1871)
– Rich, eccentric genius
 1822-1830
 was
to be used to produce star tables for
navigation and be powered by steam
 funded by British Govt. $7000
 funding cut off in 1842
 a machine based on Difference engine was
completed in 1855
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Analytical Engine
 Charles
Babbage's second idea
 started 1833
 had input device, output device, control
unit, internal storage and a processor
 never finished due to lack of technology
 built several years ago from historical
notes and ran without modification
 was to use punched card idea of
Jacquard's
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Concept of Programming
 Ada
Augusta Lovelace (1815-1852)
– daughter of Lord Byron
– first programmer
– mathematical education
 DOD language named Ada after her
 recorded all information and diagrams on
analytical engine
 wrote the program for the analytical engine
even though it was never utilitzed or tested
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 George
Boolean Algebra
Boole (1815-1864)
– English
 1854
 built
on premise that everything can be
expressed in terms of true/false
 basis for use of binary arithmetic in
computer
 ignored until 1910
 AND OR truth tables
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Important sidelights
 C.
Sholes invents typewriter between
1867 and 1873
– Marketed by Remington
 W.S.
Burroughs invents the first modern
adding machine - 1886
– Founds the Burroughs company
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U.S. Census
 1880
Census took 7 years
 1890 Census was expected to take 11
 Census Bureau approaches Herman
Hollerith at University of Pennsylvania
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Hollerith
Cards
 Herman Hollerith (1860-1926)
– invented a series of machines based on
punched cards
 became head of Census and later formed
Tabulating Machine Company (which was to
become IBM)
 cut time for census from 7 yr to 2 1/2 yr
 1890
6 weeks - 60,000,000 cards
 punched paper cards for data input
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Vacuum Tubes
 Lee
DeForest
– 1908
– American
– "Father of Modern Electronic Communications"
 Diode in 1904
 Triode in 1907
 instead
of just controlling flow of electricity,
could amplify it or completely switch it on or
off
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Electronic Era
 General
time frame
– Alan Turing (1924-44) - Colossus
– Vannevar Bush (1930)
– Howard Aiken (1937)
– Conrad Zuse (1930’s-1944) - Z1-Z4
– J.V. Atanasoff (1930’s)
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Collossus
1940's
 British
 used to decode German messages done by
Enigma (German encoder)
 war effort so was secret - wasn't mentioned
until 20 years later
 used 1800 vacuum tubes

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Vannevar Bush
 Large
analog computer
 Built at MIT - 1930
 Built to solve differential equations
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Automatic Sequence Calculator
 Funded
by IBM at Harvard
 H. H. Aiken
 11 or 23 digit arithmetic
 Controlled by paper tape
 23 digit multiplication in 4.5 seconds
 8 feet high, 51 feet long
 3 million electrical connections
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Z1 Through Z4
 Konrad
Zuse
 German
 1930's through 1944
 automatic calculating machines
 none survived the war
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ABC
Atanasoff Berry Computer
 John
V. Atanasoff
 Professor of Physics at Iowa State
 "Father of the Modern Computer"
 worked with Clifford Berry, Grad Student
 $650
grant
 was
to solve 23 simultaneous equations
 due to war, ISU forgot to register patent
 after lawsuit in 1973, ABC is recognized as
the "First Electronic Digital Computer"
 vacuum tubes and binary math
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ENIAC
 Electronic
Numerical Integrator And
Calculator
 John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert
 University of Pennsylvania 1943
 designed to solve ballistic equations for Navy
1946-1955
 Mauchly got many of the ideas from the ABC
 Founded UNIVAC which was acquired by
Remington Rand Co.
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ENIAC
 18,000
vacuum tubes
 Filled a 30 by 50 room
 30 tons and two stories high
 Cost $486,840 in 1946
 5,000 additions per second
 6,000 multi-position switches
 100,000 pulses per second
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ENIAC in 1952
 7,247
logged hours
– 3,491 production
– 1,061 problem setup and checking
– 195.3 idle
– 651 scheduled engineering
– 1,847.8 unscheduled engineering
 90%
 19,000
was finding and fixing tubes
tubes were replaced in 1952
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EDSAC
 Electronic
Delay Storage Automatic
Computer
 Built at Cambridge U. (England)
 Wilkis was a student of Mauchly &
Eckert and familiar with von Neumann
 First computer to be able to store a
program in memory (beat US by few
months)
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EDVAC
 Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
 John von Neumann (with Mauchly & Eckert)
 University of Pennsylvania for US Army
 1951 became operational
 change from decimal to binary number
system
 could store program in memory
 used until December 1962
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UNIVAC
 First
commercial computer
 Start of the "First Generation“
 First two were sold to Census Bureau
and next one to GE Engineering
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Computer Generations
 Four
main divisions in computer
hardware advancements (technology)
 some believe we are starting the fifth
division
 to see development, need to compare
the characteristics of each generation
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Generation Characteristics
 time
period
 technology
 operation time
 cost per function
 processing speed
Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill
 memory
size in
bytes
 mean time between
failure
 auxiliary units
 examples of models
 languages used
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First Generation
 Time
Period -- 1951-1958
 Technology
– logic unit -- vacuum tubes
 primary memory -- magnetic drums
 input devices -- card-oriented
 Cost per function -- $5.00
 Processing speed -- 2000 ins/sec
 Memory Size in Bytes -- 1000-4000
 Mean Time between Failures -- minutes to
hours
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First Generation (Continued)
 Auxiliary
units
– punched card-oriented
 Examples
of models sold
– UNIVAC 1
– IBM 701
 Languages
– machine and assembly
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Second Generation
 Time
Period -- 1959-1964
 Technology
– logic unit -- transistors, invented by
Schockley, Bardeen and Brattain
 primary memory -- magnetic cores
 input devices -- tape-oriented
 Operation time -- microseconds
 Cost per function -- $0.50
 Processing speed -- 1 million ins/sec
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Second Generation (Cont.)
 Memory
size in bytes -- 4000-32,000
 Mean time between failures -- days
 Auxiliary units -- tape-oriented
 Examples of models sold
– UNIVAC M460
– IBM 700 series
– PDP1 - PDP8
 Languages
LISP
-- FORTRAN, COBOL,
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Third Generation
 Time
Period -- 1965-1970
 Technology
-- logic unit (integrated
circuit)
 primary
memory -- integrated circuit
 input devices -- magnetic disk-oriented
 time-sharing
 Operation time -- nanoseconds
 Cost per function -- $0.05
 Processing speed -- 10 million ins/sec
Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill
 Memory size in bytes -- 32,000-3,000,000
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Third Generation (Cont.)
 Mean
time between failures -- daysweeks
 Auxiliary units -- disk-oriented
 Examples of models sold
– IBM 360
– PDP 11
 Languages
– PL/1
– 1995-2005
FORTH
Copyright
Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill
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Fourth Generation
 Time
Period -- 1971-1990
 Technology -- logic unit
 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated circuits)
 primary memory -- VLSI
 input/secondary memory -- disk, bubble
 Operation time -- nanoseconds or
picoseconds
 Cost per function -- $.01 to $0.0001
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Fourth Generation (Cont.)
 Memory
size in bytes -- 3,000,000+
 Mean time between failures -- weeks to
months
 Auxiliary units -- disk and mass storage
 Examples of models sold
– micros - Apple, IBM/PC
– mini - Digital (VAX)
 Languages
-- Structured High Level
Copyright 1995-2005 Suzanne Tomlinson and Curt Hill
– Pascal, C, Ada
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Fifth Generation
 Time
Period -- 1990 to present
 Technology – Single chip CPUs
– Little difference in speed between mainframes
and PCs
 Processing speed -- gigahertz
 Memory size -- 100M and up
 Auxiliary units -- touch screens, voice,
transparent interfaces
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Fifth Generation (Cont.)
 Examples
-- Our laptop
 Languages
– OOP (Object-oriented programming)
– C++
– Natural languages
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Personal Computers
 1975
to 1981
 Kenbak-1 - $750
– 40 machines made and sold 1971
– All TTL chips
 Altair
- first popular micro sold
– named after "Star Trek" destination
– Edward Roberts (March 1974)
– Structure:
1
CPU (8080), 256 characters of memory,
 switches and lights for I/O
– sold for $397.00
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Apple Computers
 Steve
Wozniak and Steve Jobs
 belonged to one of earliest and most
active computer clubs - Homebrew
Computer Club in Northern Calif
 1977 in garage while both teenagers
 marketing strategy - give to schools,
then students (and parents) will want to
buy them for home
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Other Firsts
 1971
-- "floppy" disk
 1978 -- electronic spreadsheet VisiCalc
 1979 -- commercial word processor WordStar
 1981 -- IBM personal computer
– shipping rate rose to 1 million units/mo
 1983
-- LOTUS 1-2-3 comes to market
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