Transcript Nanophysics - GTU e

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Nanomaterials is a field which takes a
materials science-based approach to
nanotechnology.
Nanomaterials studies materials that have very
different properties on the nanoscale.
Nanoscale means smaller than one tenth of a
micrometer in at least one dimension of an
object.
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Nanotechnology is the study of controlling
matter on an atomic or molecular scale.
Nanotechnology has the potential to change
our lives by creating new materials that can be
used in many fields.
These are medicine, electronics, biomaterials,
energy production etc.
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When materials shrink to nanoscale, their
properties will change drastically.
This can be explained by the largely increased
surface area to volume ratio.
The larger ratio gives rise to new quantum
mechanical effects. For example, electronic
properties of many solids are altered when
they reach nanoscale.
Macroscale
Nanoscale
Copper
Opaque
Transparent
Platinum
Inert
Catalytic
Aluminium
Stable
Combustible
Gold
Solid at Room
Temperature
Liquid at Room
Temperature
Silicon
Insulator
Conductor
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Fullerenes
Silver
Iron
Platinum
Gold
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Fullerenes are molecules made completely out
of carbon, regardless of its molecular structure.
They can come in spheres, cylinders, ellipsoids
or tubes.
Cylindrical fullerenes are also known as carbon
nanotubes or buckytubes.
Fullerene=Buckyball
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buckyball clusters
Nanotubes
Megatubes
Polymers
Nano “onions”
linked "ball-and-chain" dimers
fullerene rings
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The first fullerene (buckminsterfullerene C60)
was made by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and
Richard Smalley in 1985.
The name was a homage to Richard
Buckminster Fuller as fullerenes resemble his
geodesic domes.
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The discovery of fullerenes expanded
mankind’s knowledge of carbon allotropes.
Carbon allotropes known
before 1985
Discovered in 1985
Graphite
Fullerenes/ Buckyballs
Diamond
Amorphous carbon like: Soot
and Charcoal
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Fullerenes are stable chemically, but not completely
unreactive.
Fullerenes are also sparingly soluble in many solvents,
including toluene and carbon disulfide. Solutions of
pure buckminsterfullerene have a deep purple colour.
Solutions of C70 are a reddish brown.
The higher fullerenes C76 to C84 have a variety of
colors.
C76 has two optical forms, while other higher
fullerenes have several isomers.
Fullerenes are the only known carbon allotropes that
can be dissolved in common solvents at room
temperature.
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They can conduct heat efficiently. They
have extraordinary strength and unique
electrical properties.
Solar cells developed at the New Jersey
Institute of Technology use a carbon
nanotube complex, formed by a mixture of
carbon nanotubes and carbon buckyballs.
Nanotubes are also used to improve
ultracapacitors.
implemented in nanoelectromechanical
systems
Transistors in electrical circuits
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Used in therapy for cancer/ tumors
Possible application in the lubricant industry
Applications of fullerenes as a whole
Armor
Potential medicinal use
Taken from: Malvern.com
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Optical
Anti-reflection coatings.
Tailored refractive index of surfaces.
Light based sensors for cancer diagnosis .
Magnetic
Increased density storage media.
Nanomagnetic particles to create improved
detail and contrast in MRI images.
Taken from: Malvern.com
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Thermal
Enhance heat transfer from solar collectors to
storage tanks.
Improve efficiency of coolants in transformers.
Mechanical
Improved wear resistance.
New anti-corrosion properties.
New structural materials, composites, stronger
and lighter.
Taken from: Malvern.com
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Electronic
High performance and smaller components,
e,g, capacitors for small consumer devices such
as mobile phones.
Displays that are cheaper, larger, brighter, and
more efficient.
High conductivity materials.
Taken from: Malvern.com
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Energy
High energy density and more durable
batteries.
Hydrogen storage applications using metal
nanoclusters.
Electrocatalysts for high efficiency fuel cells.
Renewable energy, ultra high performance
solar cells.
Catalysts for combustion engines to improve
efficiency, hence economy.
Taken from: Malvern.com
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Biomedical
Antibacterial silver coatings on wound
dressings.
Sensors for disease detection (quantum dots).
Programmed release drug delivery systems.
“interactive” food and beverages that change
color, flavor or nutrients depending on a
diner’s taste or health.
Taken from: Malvern.com
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Environmental
Clean up of soil contamination and pollution, e.g. oil.
Biodegradable polymers.
Aids for germination.
Treatment of industrial emissions.
More efficient and effective water filtration.
Surfaces
Dissolution rates of materials are highly size
dependant.
Activity of catalysts.
Coatings for self cleaning surfaces, Pilkington’s glass
for example.
Personal care
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Silver nanoparticles are silver particles that are
between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Some silver nanoparticles are composed mainly
of silver oxide.
Ways to produce silver nanoparticles:
Physical vapour deposition
Ion implantation
Wet chemistry
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Medical Uses:
bone cement
surgical instruments
surgical masks
wound dressings
treatment of HIV-1
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They are highly reactive because of their large
surface area.
Iron nanoparticles are widely used in:
medical and laboratory applications
remediation of industrial sites contaminated
with chlorinated organic compounds
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Iron nanoparticles can be used to treat several
forms of ground contamination, including
grounds contaminated by polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated organic solvents,
and organochlorine pesticides.
They tend to agglomerate on soil surfaces and
can be easily transported through ground
water.
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Platinum nanoparticles are usually in the form
of a suspension or colloid of sub-micrometresized particles of platinum in a fluid, usually
water.
A colloid is defined to be particles which
remain suspended without forming an ionic or
dissolved solution.
Platinum nanoparticles range between 2-3nm.
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They have antioxidant properties and are
substantially researched.
Platinum nanoparticles may have applications
in the following areas:
Nanotechnology
Medicine
Synthesis of novel materials with unique
properties
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Platinum nanoparticles are fabricated by the
reduction of hexachloroplatinate.
Platinum nanoparticles have been used to
increase the lifespan of the roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans.
They can cause inflammation and lung disease.
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Colloidal gold/Gold nanoparticles is a
suspension (or colloid) of sub-micrometresized particles of gold in a fluid — usually
water.
Since ancient times, colloidal gold is
synthesized for staining glass.
A relatively simpler method of producing gold
nanoparticles is to reduce chloroauric acid.
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Now, colloidal gold is a subject of substantial research
as it may have applications in many fields:
Electron microscopy
Electronics
Nanotechnology
Materials science
Colloidal gold is used as a therapy for rheumatoid
arthritis in rats.
The implantation of gold beads near arthritic hip
joints in dogs has been found to relieve pain.
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Malvern.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nanopart
icles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_nano
particles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscale_iron
_particles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnolog
y
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