Transcript PPT
Hardware - Inside the Box Question: What is the central brain, inside the box, through which all information goes? Office Hours Dr. Urquhart Monday 11:10-12 Tuesday 2-4 pm Wednesday 11:10-12 TAs Ben Ellis: Monday 6-8 Andy Speirs: Tuesday 6:45-8:45 Kash Siddiqui: Wednesday 7-9 Ben Ellis: Thursday 5:45-7:45 Announcements READINGS on Website under RESOURCES Overview of how Microprocessors are made Summary of current INTEL Lineup AMD Processors BOLD are required Today’s Information Microprocessors Motherboards Buses, Slots, and Ports Storage Metric System Kilo = Mega = Giga = Tera = These terms are used frequently to describe storage and speed in computers Metric System Kilo = 1000 Mega = 1,000,000 = 1 million Giga = 1,000,000,000 = 1 billion Tera = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 trillion These terms are used frequently to describe storage and speed in computers Bits & Bytes 1 Byte = 8 bits = 8 1s or 0s in any combination 10100011 1 KB = Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes (210) 1 MB = Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes = 220 Bytes 1 GB = Gigabyte =1024 Megabytes = 230 Bytes (1073741824 Bytes) Millions vs. Binary 1 KB = Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes (210) 1 MB = Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes = 220 Bytes 1 GB = Gigabyte =1024 Megabytes = 230 Bytes (1,073,741,824 Bytes) Hard drive companies: 1 GB = 109 Bytes 1,000,000,000 1073741824/1000000000 = 1.073 7% shortchange on hard drive capacity Bytes and MP3s If each song is 3 MB, how many songs can you put on a 120 GB hard drive? Use 1,000,000,000 for your GB size Use 1,000,000 for your MB size *If you have a calculator, try again using 1,000,000,000 for GB and 220 for MB Bytes and MP3s If each song is 3 MB, how many songs can you put on a 120 GB hard drive? There are either 1024 MB/GB or 1000 MB/GB 120 GB x 1024 MB per GB/3 MB=40,960 120 x 1000/3 = 40,000 Difference = 960 songs Computer Speed Hz = Hertz = Cycles/second = once per second MHz = Megahertz = Million cycles/second GHz = Gigahertz = Billion cycles/second Typical processor today runs at 2 GHz! That’s 2 Billion times a second it can cycle information! Taking a Test Would you rather have a faster brain or one with more stuff stored in it when you take a test? Two things determine function Processor Speed This is the speed at which information is processed RAM (Random Access Memory) This is how much information is available for rapid processing 8088 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors and Pursuit by AMD Processors 80286 80386 AMD 386 80486 AMD 486 Pentium Pentium Pro AMD K5 AMD K6 Pentium II AMD K6-II Pentium III AMD K6-III Celeron (Castrated Pentiums) Pentium IV Duron Athlon Left off here Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Year of 1978 1981 1985 1989 1993 1995 1995 1998 1999 2001 Name 8088 80386 80486 4.77 16-33 16-120 Pentiu m 60-266 Pent. Pent. Pro II 150-200 200450 Pent. III 450600 External Bus Width 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 32 bit 64 bit 64 bit 64 bit 64 bit Pent/ III 5331133 MHz 133 Mhz Pentium IV IV Speed (Mhz) 8028 6 8-16 Socket 5, Socket 7 Socket 7 Slot 1 Slot 1 64 K L1 Up to 1Mb L2 512 K L2 512 K L2 3.1 million 5.5 million 7.5 million 28 million Achieved RISC/ CISC Blending Celeron is castrated PII Introduction Socket Type on Motherboard Cache Memory Numer of Transistors Notes Up to 32 K 64 K Up to 3.2 GHz 400 MHz 28 42 million million AMD – Advanced Micro Devices Second largest microprocessor manufacturer Always following Intel in development For a while leapt ahead of Intel with early Athlon Pentium IV and 0.13 u transisors Micron is Micrometer, μm, 10-6 m 1/1000th of one milimeter! Current Pentium IV transistor is 0.13 microns (eight fit in one micron) Next generation 0.09 microns (90 nanometers)--NANOTECHNOLOGY Size of a Dinner Plate 120 billion transistors! Important Microprocessor Qualities Speed, e.g. 2.5 GHz (Gigahertz) Dr. U’s Ranking AMD Athlon XP Pentium IV Celeron Pentium M? Athlon 64? Pentium V? Athlon vs. Pentium AMD released Athlon in August, 1999 First time ever that Intel was not producer of fastest x86 chip Athlon XP now 3200+ (~3.2 GHz)*** Athlon 64 now 3400+ Intel Pentium IV 3.4 GHz Athlon XP Processors Benchmark Performance Benchmark is a task to test performance Large image processing task or data crunching PERFORMANCE RATINGS** XP 3200+ is a 2.2 GHz processor, equivalent to Pentium IV 3.2 GHz in performance Benchmark Test Doubling of Processor Speed Manufacturers always coming out with faster processors It takes about 2 years the fastest processors to double in speed 1996 – 233 MHz 1998 – 450 MHz 2000 – 1.4 GHz (cost $600 in 2000, $100 today) 2002 – 3.06 GHz 2003 – 3.4 GHz Take Home Message: Don’t buy the top of the line processor, it will be dated very quickly! Memory - RAM RAM is Random Access Memory Short Term, erased frequently RAM is memory that is “alive,” constantly changing RAM stores program info and data it’s what the processor communicates with to determine how to display the program and file Types of RAM DDR Ram is Double Data Rate, for Athlon and Pentium IV SDRAM – Used in a lot of machines, but being phased out Adding new RAM is the cheapest and easiest way to make your computer run faster Adding new RAM Must match type to existing memory Pull out chip and go to store to match DDR PC2100, DDR PC 2700, PC 133, etc DIMM 184 Pin for desktop SODIMM for laptops Can have one 128 MB and one 512 MB (or any other combo) as long as the sam etype Choosing a RAM Chip Form Factor: DIMM DDR PC2100 128 MB, 256 MB, etc. DDR PC2700 128 MB, 256 MB, etc. DDR PC3200 128 MB, 256 MB, etc. SDRAM PC133 128 MB, 256 MB, etc. Form 128 MB, 128 MB, 128 MB, 128 MB, Factor: 256 MB, 256 MB, 256 MB, 256 MB, SODIMM etc. etc. etc. etc. RAM Prices RAM $100 a Megabyte in 1990 – Typical computer had 1 MB of RAM $1 a MB in 1999 $2 a MB in late 1999? $0.60 a MB last year $0.15 a MB now (256 MB < $40) – Typical computer has 256 MB of RAM Analogy If the processor is the brain of the computer, then what is the motherboard? The Spinal Cord Processor and Motherboard make up Central Nervous System Motherboards Circuitry that connects all items to the processor Card slots for modems, sound cards, graphics cards Socket or slot for processor Bus speed determines processors Good ones have Intel Chipset Motherboards and Microprocessors Motherboard must have appropriate socket or slot for processor Motherboard must support processor’s speed and have the same bus speed Two-way Communication: Modem MOdulator / DEModualter = MO-DEM Converts digital computer signal to analog telephone signal and vice versa Sends and receives information 56K is current standard Connect speeds often slower than 56K Cable Modems Cable Modems convert from cable interface to Ethernet or USB interface. External, $50-$200 to buy Must subscribe to Broadband/ Cable Internet Service through your cable provider Best way to go from home but expensive ($45/month) Cable provider has a monopoly so prices won’t drop Storage Media Media refers to the objects on which information is stored Singular of word is medium A CD is a medium for storage, a floppy disk is a medium, … Storage: Magnetic “Drive” Storage: magnetic film stores 1s and 0s Hard Drives - Internal, sealed platters Floppy Drive - One flexible platter Zip Drive – Very high capacity floppy Most rewritable storage is magnetic Storage: Optical Read Only CD-ROM – 650MB or 700 MB, read only, etched pits drives 32X etc. for speed relative to normal DVD - stands for Digital Versatile Disc, 4.7 Gb (7X CD) CD Burners – Optical Read/Write CD RW 32x/8x/40x means 32x maximum write speed, 8x max. rewrite speed, and 40x max. read speed Media: CD-R is cheapest, write once CD-RW – good medium for transporting files