Transcript Engineering Disciplines PowerPoint

The Engineering
Disciplines
The number of engineering
disciplines is not static. Many
disciplines spawn additional
sub-disciplines.
Let’s focus on the major
disciplines!
Engineering Disciplines
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Aerospace
Agricultural
Architectural
Biomedical
Biological
Chemical
Civil
Computer
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Electrical
Environmental
Industrial
Manufacturing
Materials
Mechanical
Nuclear
Petroleum
Software
Aerospace Engineering
Aerospace engineers design and develop
technology for commercial aviation, the
national defense, and space exploration. In
1990, aerospace engineers helped launch
the Hubble Space Telescope, an orbiting
instrument that allows us to see 10 times
farther than we have ever seen before.
ASEE
They design, develop, and test
aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and
missiles and supervise the
manufacturing of these products.
Aerospace engineers who work
with aircraft are considered
aeronautical engineers, and those
working specifically with spacecraft
are considered astronautical
engineers.
Repairing cracked shuttle tiles.
Boeing Jets – working on better
Fuel efficiency and longer range.
Aerospace Engineering Employers
 Boeing
 NASA
 Lockheed Martin
 Space Systems / Loral
Lockheed Martin F16 Falcon
Flying over Iraq
Boeing Fighter Jet from 1932
Agricultural Engineering
 Agricultural engineers design farm and food
processing equipment; construct crop storage
and livestock buildings; and develop systems for
drainage, irrigation, and waste disposal.
 Sometimes agricultural engineers work in labs
like EPCOT's Land Pavilion, where they
experiment with promising indoor farming
techniques such as hydroponics—the science of
growing plants in fluids without dirt.
ASEE
control of vibration,
noise, air quality, heating,
cooling within machinery.
Environmental controllers
for poultry, swine, beef,
aquaculture, plants
harvesters, transporters
Precision agriculture utilizing GPS,
remote sensing and computerized
field equipment.
Agricultural Engineering Employers
 Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
 Cargill
 DuPont
 US Department of Agriculture
Architectural Engineering
Working alongside architects, architectural
engineers focus on the safety, cost, and
construction methods of designing a
building. For example, as the US
population grows in the Southwest, more
and more architectural engineers are
investigating new ways to build on land
where there is only sand and sagebrush.
ASEE (This is very related to Structural & Civil Engineering)
Biomedical Engineering
 Biomedical Engineers develop devices
and procedures that solve medical and
health-related problems.
 Biomedical Engineers work with medical
professionals to develop medical
instruments, monitoring equipment,
artificial organs, and prosthetic devices.
Laser Systems for
Corrective eye surgery.
Computers for
Blood analysis
Implantable
Hip Joints
Ultrasound Imaging Equipment
Biological Engineering
 Bioengineering combines biology and
engineering.
 Biological Engineers understand how biological
systems operate and develop effective biologybased technologies for applications across a
wide spectrum of societal needs including
breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of disease, in design of novel
materials, devices, and processes, and in
enhancing environmental health.
Biological and Agricultural
Engineering Programs at UC Davis
Aquaculture Engineering
Ecological Systems Engineering
Energy Systems Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Food Engineering
Forest and Fiber Engineering
Health and Safety Engineering
Machine Systems Engineering
Postharvest Engineering
Sensor and Control Engineering
Soil and Water Engineering
In the early 1950s California's tomato industry was threatened because
of the lack of laborers to harvest the crops. In response, the UC Davis
agricultural engineering department developed the mechanical tomato
harvester. Unfortunately, this machine crushed the tomatoes.
The vegetable crops department came to the rescue by breeding a
firmer-skinned tomato - also known as the square tomato
Several genetically engineered varieties of tomatoes have been
developed in the US and approved for commercialization,
For a variety of reasons these GE tomatoes are no longer marketed
Chemical Engineering
• Chemical Engineers often take chemical reactions and scale them
up to a large manufacturing process. They focus on the production
of products formed through a chemical reaction. This is sometimes
called Process Engineering.
• Chemical engineering involves the processing and treating of liquids
and gases. For example, some chemical engineers are studying
ways to desalinate seawater—stripping it of salt to make the water
safe to drink.
• Many chemical engineers work with petroleum and plastics.
• The term "environmental engineering" also applies to certain areas
of chemical engineering, such as pollution control.
Chemical Engineers are employed
to do:
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Food Processing
Beverage making and bottling
Environmental Analysis
Making of Cosmetics, Perfumes, and
Flavorings
• Pharmaceutical production
• Petroleum and Plastics processing
Kelco, San Diego
Manufacturer of Biopolymers from Sea Kelp
Pollution Control
Petroleum Extraction and Processing
Chemical Engr Employers
 Dow Chemical
 DuPont
 Proctor and Gamble
 Monsanto
 Johnson & Johnson
 Merck
 General Mills
Civil Engineering
One of the largest branches of
engineering, civil engineering is a field that
deals with buildings, bridges, dams, roads,
and other ‘public works’ structures . Civil
engineers plan, design, and supervise the
construction of facilities such as high-rise
buildings, airports, water treatment
centers, and sanitation plants.
Historic Preservation
Grand Central Terminal
New York City
Flood waters compromise levee
Near New Orleans during
Hurricane Katrina.
Oklahoma City
Federal Bldg.
Rebuilding Oklahoma City after the bombings.
Buildings are blast resistant and employ sustainable
Construction.
William J. Clinton
Presidential Center
Little Rock, AK
Architecture can be both industrial
as well as inviting to people.
Architecture can effect people’s
moods, productivity, and energy.
New Compositions make Concrete more versatile.
A translucent concrete
material contains
glass optical fibers
that transmit light
through the entire
length of the block. It
can bring sunlight
through a wall.
SACRED SURFACES. The
modern church Dives in
Misericordia located in
Rome, is made from a selfcleaning concrete that
breaks down atmospheric
pollutants that would
otherwise darken the surface
over time.
Ductal – an ultra high performance concrete developed by Lafarge.
The high strength fibers make the material self reinforcing.
The Material can be used to make very thin structures with
out the need for conventional steel reinforcement. The concrete
will bend like metal before breaking.
Japan
Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge
Brazilian Wave Arch
Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 1940
Wind created resonant vibrations.
Now computer modeling and wind tunnels
are used to test the rigidity of the road decks.
Computer & Software Engineering
Computer engineers deal with all aspects
of computer systems including design,
construction, and operation. Some
computer engineers specialize in areas
like digital systems, operating systems,
computer networks, and software.
Computer Engineering
 Hardware and Chip Design
 Development of Software Applications
 Integrating components together, i.e.
device driver software
 Project Management – teams located in
multiple places
 Chip Fabrication
 Test and Quality Assurance (QA)
Computer Engineer Employers
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Cisco
Sun
Intel
Microsoft
Oracle
IBM
Apple
Google
Yahoo
Wireless service Providers – cell phone services
Manufacturers of hand-held devices.
GIS/GPS businesses.
eBay and Amazon
Self employed
Global Positioning Unit
Open Source software
Invites lots of developers
to create new applications
Using Languages such as JAVA.
Electrical Engineering
The discipline that employs the largest
number of engineers, covers everything
related to electrical devices, systems, and
the use of electricity.
Electrical engineers work on power plants,
computers, and other electrical devices.
Electrical Engineering (noncomputer)
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Control systems in car
Satellites Communications
Cell phones
Power Plants
Circuit boards
Appliances
TVs, DVDs,
Medical Instruments
Recording Equipment
Synthesizers
Amplification equipment
Lighting
Hardware for networking
Firmware (low level coding)
Custom Chips
Aviation Controls
Electronic monitoring and tagging (dog tags)
Radomes – Antenna
protection
These are cell phone towers?
Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineers assist with the
development of water distribution systems,
recycling methods, sewage treatment
plants, and other pollution prevention and
control systems in the water, air, and land.
Environmental engineers constantly seek
new ways to reduce air pollution and
pesticides.
Environmental Engineers work on:
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Acid Rain and how to avoid it
Clean Energy
Energy Star Program
Public policy compliance – title 45
Indoor air quality
Site Clean up
Recycling and waste minimization.
EPA Projects (Environmental Protection Agency)
EPA employs over 9000 engineers.
Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineers organize the people,
information, energy, materials, and
machines involved in the production
process. They are concerned with plant
design and management, quality control,
and the human factors of engineering.
Industrial Engineering specialties:
 management engineer - Combining
knowledge of the business and the
facilities.
 ergonomist – modify a process to reduce
worker injury.
 operations analyst - devising systems to
increase effectiveness of an operation.
 Quality engineer – devise systems to
service customers efficiently.
Industrial Engineers might do:
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Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital
Converting a major production line to JIT
Representing a company in the design and construction of a new
manufacturing plant
Performing motion and time studies
Developing prototype units for the cellular phone car adapter market
Simulation modeling
Developing a hardware protection program for spacecraft
Developing a supplier quality program
Implementing lean manufacturing concepts
Developing and launching a complete material handling system for a new
automobile
Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard and ship repair maintenance
facility
Working on a design project to make a medical device to treat sleep apnea
Representing manufacturing and purchasing issues on a design team
Manufacturing Engineering
Manufacturing engineers design tools and
equipment and work with all aspects of
manufacturing—from production control
and materials handling to mechanization
and automation.
Materials Engineering
Metallurgical and materials engineers extract, process,
refine, combine, and manufacture natural substances to
create new materials that meet specifications that could
not be met with raw materials.
Example: Materials that are:
stronger, resist corrosion, lighter, inert, elastic,
sticky, insulate, invisible, etc.
Metallurgical engineers work with metal only. Teams of
metallurgy and materials engineers created the US Air
Force's "stealth" technology that makes a fighter plane's
surface nearly invisible to radar.
Teflon-1938
Nylon - 1931
Liquid Crystal Displays
1968
Pyrex - 1924
Transistors replace
Vacuum tubes
Glass fibers
Neoprene- 1931
Ultrasuede and Gortex
Biomimicry
Lead to the
Invention of
Velcro - 1948
Nanotechnolgy includes
the many techniques
used to create
structures at a size
scale below 100 nm
Biomimicry is the
application of methods
and systems found in
nature to the study and
design of engineering
systems and modern
technology
The Amazon Rainforest – nature’s laboratory for new
Discoveries.
Rain forests worldwide cover approximately 6% of Earth's surface, and
yet scientists believe they contain 50% of the world's plant and animal
species—an impressive ratio. In common parlance, tropical rain forests
are not only the planet's land-based centers of biodiversity—where
most species live—they also contribute to the maintenance of the
world’s climate by regulating rainfall and storing enormous amounts of
carbon.
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineers use mechanics and energy
principles to design machines such as tools, engines.
Machines, motors, and other devices.
Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of airconditioning and refrigeration, automotives,
manufacturing, welding, robotics, and mechatronics.
They study materials, heat and energy transfer,
manufacturing technologies
A mechanical engineer designs
anything that uses mechanical motion
Robotics
Underwater Vehicle
Computer Modeling
Consumer &
Baby products
Prototyping
Food Handling
What is Mechatronics?
 The Fusion of Mechanical Engineering,
electronics, and computing.
 Usually requires cross-disciplinary training.
 Looks like robotics
 Automate and Improve production
The elements of Mechatronics systems include sensors, actuators,
microcontrollers (or microprocessors) and real-time control software.
The actuators are mainly high precision electric motors and solenoids. Any of a
large number of sensor types are used, including light, acceleration, weight,
color, temperature and image.
Stepper Motor
Stair climbing robot
Nuclear Engineering
Nuclear engineers design, develop, and
control plants that use nuclear energy for
fuel and medical purposes. Some nuclear
engineers are busy working on a nuclearpowered spacecraft that will travel to Mars.
Examples of Nuclear Engineering
 Food irradiation has been systematically
evaluated by the Food and Agriculture
Organization which concluded that treating raw
meat and poultry with irradiation eliminates
disease-causing bacteria commonly found such
as E. coli and Salmonella and poses no
toxicological hazards at typically used doses.
 Domestic sources of radioisotopes are needed
to adequately sustain the growing needs of our
medical and healthcare communities.
Problems inherent with fossil fuels are avoided with
energy production using hydrogen. Per unit of fuel,
hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles are about twice as
efficient as combustion energies. Unlike conventional
engines, fuel cells emit only water vapor and heat.
Only nuclear energy can produce hydrogen on large
enough scales to meet future demand while avoiding
the release of greenhouse gases.
These batterylike devices
inside hydrogen
vehicles convert
hydrogen and
oxygen into
water, in the
process
producing
electricity and
heat that can
power a motor.