Transcript Lecture 2: Input OUtput design

Microprocessor System Design
Omid Fatemi
80x86 Microprocessor
([email protected])
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Review
• Digital System Design
– Microprocessor based
– Hardware, software and firmware
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Outline
• Microprocessors
• History
• Numbering systems & arithmetic operations
• Micro architecture
• Programs
• Intel Microprocessors, Moore’s law
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Microprocessors
They accept programs
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History
• 1940: vacuum tubes
– ENIAC: 130000 watts, 150 square meter
• 1950: transistors
– 1959: first IC
• 1971: 4004 by Intel
– 4-bit, 2300 transistor
• 1970s: 8080/85, Z80, 6800, 6500
– Appliances, computers
• 1980s: RISC
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Numbering and Coding
Systems
• Decimal and binary systems (base 2, 10)
• Converting
• Hexadecimal and converting
• Counting and addition
• 2’s complement and subtraction
• ASCII code, Unicode, utf-8
• Bit, Nibble, Byte, Word,
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Changes
• Project definition deadline: 22 Esfand
• Assembly quiz: 24 Esfand
• List subscription:
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Send a message to [email protected]
and in the body (subject is not important)
subscribe micro your_first_name your_last_name
E.g. Subscribe micro Omid Fatemi
• Web site:
– http://www.fatemi.net/micro
• Assistants:
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Computer modules
Address Bus
CPU
Memory
(RAM, ROM)
Peripherals
(IO)
Keyboard
Monitor
Printer
Mouse
Microphone
Disk
Data Bus
Control Bus
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8086/8 Internal Organization
Address Bus
Data Bus
Processor Model
Addr generation
Bus Controller
EU
BIU
AH
AL
BH
BL
CH
CL
1
DH
DL
2
BP
DI
SI
SP
ADD
CS
ES
SS
DS
3
4
Instruction
Queue
5
6
IP
Internal Data Bus
ALU
FLAGS
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How does a CPU work?
• Combinational or sequential?
– Hybrid  sequential
• Inputs to the state machine (sequential
circuit)?
– Clock
– Program
• What it does with a program?
–
–
–
–
–
Reads from memory, where?
Program counter, Instruction pointer (IP)
Understands it (decode), then?
Execute, then?
Next instruction
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A Simple Program
• Program:
– Move value 21H into register AL
– Add value 42H to register AL
– Store AL in memory location 33D0H
• Memory contents (instruction part)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
B0
21
04
42
35
D0
33
• Execution?
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Intel’s Microprocessors and
Moore’s law
Model
Year Introduced
Clock Rate
Transistor
s per chip
4004
1971
0.1 MHz
2,250
8008
1972 .
0.2 MHz
3,500
8080
1974 .
2 MHz
5,000
8086
1978 *
5 MHz
29,000
80286
1982 *
6 MHz
120,000
386™ processor
1985 **
16 MHz
275,000
486™ DX processor
1989 **
26 MHz
1,180,000
Pentium® processor
1993 ***
60 MHz
3,100,000
Pentium II processor
1997 ***
233 MHz
7,500,000
Pentium III processor
1999 ***
450 MHz
Pentium 4 processor
2000 ***
1500 MHz
24,000,00
0
42,000,00
0
http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/
backgrnd/30thann_funfacts.htm
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From Intel Site
http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/backgrnd/30thann_funfacts.htm
It all started
30 years
ago,
1971
•Today,
there
areNovember
40 microprocessors
in the average middle-class American household. The
•Intelnumber
began development
of
the
first
microprocessor
in 1969 as paraphernalia
part of a project
design1 a set of
increases to 50 when a PC and all the surrounding
aretoadded.
chips•These
for a family
of programmable
calculators
from Japanese
calculator
manufacturer
microprocessors
are hidden
in bathroom
scales with
digital readouts,
ironsBusicom.
with
•Originally,
Busicom
owned
the
rights
to
the
microprocessor
having
paid
Intel
$60,000.
Realizing
automatic shutdown switches and even the common electronic toothbrush that possesses the
potential
the "brain"
Intel offered
somefor
3,000
lines of chip,
computer
code.1 to return the $60,000 in exchange for the rights to the
microprocessor
design. have, on average, more than 50 microprocessors controlling things
•Today's automobiles
•Busicom
agreed
and Intel
introduced
4004 todoor
the worldwide
on November
15, 1971. The
2
such as
air bags,
brakes,
engines,the
windows,
locks and market
cruise control.
4004•Developed
sold for $200
each.the
The
key tothe
themicroprocessor
success of the became
microprocessor
idea as
was
tocentral
provide a
during
1970s,
most visible
the
software
programmable
device.computer.
Prior to the
invention of thealso
programmable
microprocessor,
processor
of the personal
Microprocessors
play supporting
roles within chips
werelarger
designed
to perform
specific
"fixed" functions.
computers
as smart
controllers
for graphics displays, storage devices, and highToday's state-of-the-art
Pentium®
4
Processor
speed printers. However, the vast majority of microprocessors are used to control a broad
•Thearray
latestof
direct
descendant
of the 4004
is the Intel®
Pentium® 4 processor
for desktop
personal
devices
from consumer
appliances
and PC-enhanced
toys to satellites
orbiting
the
computers.
3
earth.
•Today's
edge Pentium
4 microprocessor
operates at 2hand-held
billion cycles
per second.
•Thecutting
microprocessor
has made
possible the inexpensive
electronic
calculator, the
•It took
28
years
to
go
from
a
speed
of
108,000
cycles
per
second
performance
in
the
brain chip
digital wristwatch, and the electronic game. Microprocessors are used to control4004
consumer
to1 billion
cycles
per second
with the Intel®
Pentium®
processor
- and only
18
electronic
devices,
such (1
asgigahertz)
the programmable
microwave
oven III
and
videocassette
recorder;
months
to breakgasoline
the 2 gigahertz
barrierand
withantilock
the August
announcement
of the
latest
Pentium
4
to regulate
consumption
brakes
in automobiles;
and
to monitor
alarm
microprocessor.
systems.3
Pentium 4 processor-based personal computers (at price points ranging from under $1,000 to $2,000) are fueling the
latest trends in home computing - from digital music and home digital movie making to photo-realistic 3D images and
visual environments delivered on and off the net in advanced games, education and shopping experiences.
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8086 Signals
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Homework 1 – Part 1
• ?
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Summary
• History
• Numbering systems
• Microprocessor architecture
• Programs
• Micro history
• Eid Ghadeer Mubarak
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