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Chapter 4
Understanding Verbal Messages
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Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal Communication:
Communication (behavior) other than
written or spoken language that creates
meaning for someone
– sign language is one exception to this
definition
Why Focus on Nonverbal Messages?
•
Nonverbal messages
– communicate feelings and attitudes
• most significant source of emotional information
is the face 55% (Albert Mehrabian)
• vocal cues 38%
• approximately 93% of emotional meaning is
communicated nonverbally
– are critical to successful relationships
– serve various functions for verbal messages
Significance Of Nonverbal
Communication
Vocal
Cues
38%
Facial
55%
Words
(Verbal)
7%
We Communicate 93% of the emotional meaning of our
messages nonverbally; (facial 55% + 38% = 93%)
Nonverbal Messages are More
Believable
Verbal
Nonverbal
• Delivering a message
claiming you are not
upset
• Quivering voice
• Shaky knees
• Flushed face
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Computer-Mediated
Communication
• Conveying emotion
– :-(
– :-l
– :-o
– :-D
Depressed or upset
Indifferent
Surprised
Laughing
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Nonverbal Messages are Critical to
Successful Relationships
• William Chaplin’s “handshake index” examined the
judgments Americans make about someone’s
personality based on handshake
– Strength
– Vigorous
– Completeness of grip
– Duration
The more intimate the relationship, the more we use
and understand nonverbal cues
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Nonverbal Messages Serve Multiple
Functions
• Can substitute for verbal messages
• Complement verbal messages
• Regulate our conversation
• Accent or reinforce verbal message
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The Nature of Nonverbal
Communication
• Culture-bound: nonverbal behaviors vary across
cultures
• Rule-governed: we develop rules or expectations for
appropriate nonverbal behavior
• Ambiguous: difficult to interpret accurately
• Continuous: flow from one situation to the next
• Non-Linguistic: does not have vocabulary, grammar etc
• Multichanneled: register on our senses from a variety of
sources simultaneously
Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Appearance
•
•
•
•
Body size and shape
Skin color and texture
Hairstyle
Clothing
– Artifacts
• Jewelry
• Tattoos
• Piercings
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Kinesics
 Kinesics: a systematic study of the
relationship between nonlinguistic body
motions
– Movement
– Gesture
– Posture
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Affect Displays
 Affect Displays: Nonverbal cues that
communication our emotions and attitudes
• Face reflects
– Kind of emotion you are feeling
• Body reflects
– The intensity of how much emotion you are
feeling
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Eye Contact – Check Page 94
More Likely
Less Likely
• Physically distant
• Discuss impersonal
topics
• Have no distractions
• Romantically
interested
• Female
• Cultural values
• Physically close
• Discuss intimate
topics
• Have distractions
• Not interested or
dislike
• Male
• Cultural values
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Eye Contact
• John F. Kennedy
– Appeared comfortable and confident
– Made eye contact
 More trustworthy
• Richard Nixon
– Darted eyes nervously from side to side
– Made less eye contact with camera and viewing
audience
Regarded as shifty, untrustworthy and lacked
credibility
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Eye Contact
• Indicators of deception
– Rapid eye movement
– Diminished eye contact
– Rapid blinking
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Facial Expressions
• 250,000 facial expressions
• Ekman and Friesen’s six primary emotions
– Happiness
– Sadness
– Surprise
– Fear
– Anger
– Disgust or contempt
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Touch
• Study of human touch
– Haptics
– Research have shown that intimate human
contact is vital to our personal development,
well being, and physical health  displaying
affection
• Individual standard of appropriate
touching-based on cultural background
– Touch ethic
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
The Voice
• Paralanguage or Vocalics: voice provides information
about self-confidence
– Pitch, rate, use of silence, volume all provide
important cues
• Back-channel cues
– End conversation by increasing pitch and volume
– End conversation by lowering pitch and volume
– Begin conversation with “I” or “Ah” or “Um”
• Response latency or response time, pausing or silence
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior: Physical
Environment and Space
• The physical environment -communicates
information about the person who functions in that
environment
– Your behavior and perceptions are altered because
of the physical environments you exist in
• Space: distance
– Proxemics: study of how close or far away from
people and objects we position ourselves
• Edward T. Hall’s Four Zones of Space:
– Intimate: reserved for close friends, intimates, and
family
– Personal: is the space where casual conversation
occurs
– Social: where impersonal business takes place
(such as interviews)
– Public: anything more than twelve feet
Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Space
Proxemics
Edward T. Hall’s Classification of Spatial Zones
Category
Definition
Distance Between
Individuals
Zone 1
Intimate Space
0 to 1.5 feet
Zone 2
Personal Space
1.5 to 4 feet
Zone 3
Social Space
4 to 12 feet
Zone 4
Public Space
12 to 25 and beyond
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Edward T. Hall’s Four Zones of
Space
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Challenge Question
• According to Edward T. Hall, your personal
space zone where most of your
conversation with others takes place, is
anywhere from
A. 0 to 1 ½ feet.
B. 1 ½ to 4 feet.
C. 4 to 12 feet.
D. 12 feet on.
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Answer
• According to Edward T. Hall, your personal
space zone where most of your
conversation with others takes place, is
anywhere from
A. 0 to 1 ½ feet.
B. 1 ½ to 4 feet.
C. 4 to 12 feet.
D. 12 feet on.
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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:
Territory
• Territoriality: the study of how people use
space and objects to communicate
occupancy or ownership of space
• Territorial markers
– Things and actions claiming personal space
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