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Lecture# 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction
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Islam was under great danger
Its future was unpredictable
Its Spirit deteriorated
Teaching were misinterpreted Akbar’s Policy of Divine Faith
At this hour of turmoil and turpitude, Mujadid Alf Sani came in front to
restore and revive the glory of Islam
• Evils of Muslim Society
• Religious (Din-e-Illahi); socio-religious practices of Hinduism
• Social (Adulteration/pollution/corruption)
• Political (Prostration/bowing)
• Revival Movement
• He did not enter into direct political conflict with rulers but instead wrote
letters to prominent for preach and influential personalities in Akbar’s
(subsequently Jahangir’s court
• Abdur Rehman
• Mirza Abdul Aziz
• Mufti Sadr-e-Jahan
• Reminding them their religious duty
• Sent disciples to different corners of India for preaching-basic concepts of
Islam
• Court of Jahangir-Raised voice against the practice of prostration-imprisoned
in Gawalior (1619-20) but later released and made religious advisor of
Jahangir
• In prison he converted many inmates to Islam and brought reformation among
the Muslim prisoners
• He preached the true spirit of Islam among the troops of Mughal army;
raised their moral and prepared them to perform their duties towards Islam
and the State.
• Ideological War
• Wahdat ul Wajud (Creator-creatures one)
• Wahdat ul Shahud (Creator- creatures are separate)
• Wahdat ul Shahud was orthodox religious approach which gave
hindrance to Sufis to create harmony between Hindus and Muslims.
• Influence on the history of Muslim India
• Propounded the idea of Muslim nationalism in India
• Advocate of Muslim separatism-distinctive image
• Akbar was a liberal and Aurangzeb was a fundamentalist (imposed
Jizyah on non-Muslims)
• The movement was taken forward by Shah Waliullah and Syed Ahmed
Shaheed ultimately head way to destination of Pakistan Movement.
• Background
• Departure of Aurangzeb (1707)-adverse impacts on Mughal Empire +
Muslims of India (their hegemony/dominance over Hindus/non-Muslims
started waning)
• Political downfall of Muslim under Aurangzeb vanished after himimpacted economic interests of Muslims
• Muslim society was assimilating Hindu ideas + tradition + practices
• Ignorance of the basic principles of Islam and conflict over
minute/insignificant details
• Internal deterioration-sectarian differences (Shias & Sunnis)
• Reformist Movement
• First of its kind-aimed at social, political, religious and economic
reformation of the degenerated Muslim community in India
• Religious
• Sectarian differences and misunderstandings between Shias and
Sunnis by his book “Izalat-ul-Khifa and Khilafat-il-Khulafa”
• Sunnis were divided on minute details of the interpretation of
Quran and Sunnah
• He adopted a balanced approach and highlighted the broad
principles for interpretation of Quran
• Ijtihad (progressive interpretation of Islamic Law) was vigorously
adopted in a society which had closed doors for further
interpretation
• He tried to reconcile the divergent views of Mujadid Alf Sani on
the concepts of Wahdat ul Wajud (Creator-creatures one) and
Wahdut ul Shahud (Creator-creatures are separate)
• Social
• Deep crisis of public morality and character in Muslim societypresented Islam in a rational manner and urged Muslim masses to
mold their lives accordingly
• Economic
• He raised voiced against inequitable distribution of wealth in the
society-working poorer classes were being exploited and were unable
to meet basic needs, while noble Ulemas and soldiers were receiving
money without performing their duties effectively
• He appealed upper classes to realize their responsibilities. Besides,
emphasized upon the working classes to cultivate habits of hard work,
honesty, and efficiency
• He laid utmost emphasis on justice and equilibrium without which
society/economy could not endure/sustain.
• Political
• Marhattas and Jats had made the life of Muslims miserable in India
• Jats and Marhattas activities were so aggressive that Muslim life and
property were no longer safe. He organized Muslims for Jihad against
Marhattas;
• Invited Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan and Najib Ud Dawlah of
Bengal and motivated to help him to save the Muslim community from
Marhatta subjugation (suppression)
• The Impact of His Movement
• Religious Reformation
• Social Regeneration
• Political Ascendency
• Conclusion
• None before him attempted to integrate whole Islamic structure
• It was very influence of Shah Waliullah’s movement that the movement of
Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan flourished and further
consolidated Muslims in India
• Introduction
• He emerged at a time when Muslims were under the harrow of socioeconomico-religio-politico circumstances
• The Muslim of India were facing adverse circumstances and passing a
miserable life
• Although both Hindus and Muslims fought for liberation but the heavy
hand of British fell more on Muslim than on Hindus
• Jawarlal Nehru is his autobiography “The consequences of 1857” war
had reduced Muslims to backward nation; education was their
bleakness, politico was enigma/mystery and religion was on obsession
• The role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was multidimensional since he had to
provide strength to the Muslims of India.
• He considered education to be the panacea for all ills of his
community.
• Sir Syed’s Crusade for the Muslim Uplift
• Political Activities
• Wrote a strong pamphlet on the causes of the Indian Revolt
• Muslims were not entirely responsible for the Revolt of 1857
• Loyal Mohammedans of India; described sincere services of Muslims to
British Govt. and defend them against the charge of disloyalty.
• He vision the facts of Two Nation Theory in 1867
• Hindu and Muslims are two different nations, having their civilization,
culture, history, tradition and everything else quite different from each
other.
• He proposed the ideas of separate electorate and opposed the
participation of Muslim in “Indian National Congress”
• Educational Work
• Muslims were inimical/unfriendly towards the western education
• Learning English and acquiring western knowledge went against their pride and they
thought the education saturated with Christianity might corrupt their views.
• Sir Syed intellectually fought against all these tendencies and attitudes with daring
initiative
• He embedded the awareness of modern education in the minds of Muslims
• Established Translation Society at Ghazipur in 1864
• Later developed to Alighar Scientific Society, translated many a books in local
languages
• Muhammadan Educational Conference was established in 1866 in order to discuss
the new techniques for the improvement of the educational standard.
• He published journal Tahzib-ul-Akhlaque in which he mentioned the etiquettes of
daily life of Muslim under the light of Islam
• In 1875, he led the foundation of Anglo-Oriental College at Alighar after the model
of Oxford and Cambridge; which converted into University after his death
• The college was the birth place of Alighar Movement and remained the center of
Muslim political activities throughout the history
• Religious Reformation
• He rationally interpreted the Islamic ideas and through the dictates of
modern time.
• He bridged the gap between tradition pattern of religious thinking
and the modes of present thinking
• He replied strongly in the form of Essays , to the blasphemous book
“Life of muhammad” of Sir William Moor was a great service to Islam.
• Social Services
• He stood and advocate of simplicity, austerity, honesty and integrity.
• In his magazine Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq, he preached the percepts of the
virtues of social ethics that a Muslim could better derive from social
life
• In the magazine Ahkam-i-Ta’am-i-Able; he discussed the etiquettes of
eating and dinning in Islam.
• Conclusion
• He was inculcator of certitude/confidence and self confidence in his
people
• He supplied them a rudder to the ship of their destiny
• Muslim were under the cloud but he removed from them the
stigma/shame of disloyalty and tried to rehabilitate them
• He gave them a modus operandi which was not to their present but to
their future
• His greatness lies in the fact of that he struggled to get Muslim out of
the quagmire of defeatism, conservatism, and frustration
• Introduction
• Muslim Nationalism in India would have never seen the reality of the day had
there been no Sufis or Ulemas behind its scene
• The view that Islam was spread by the sword lacks the understanding of the
History
• Islam indeed spread by means of its pragmatic ideas-humanitarianism, piety,
justice, Tolerance and peace-fostered by great Ulema through their teachings
and practical life
• They converted large number of Hindus to the fold of Islam-sword never
played decisive role in this respect
• Contribution of Sufis and Ulemas
• In cities, where upper class of Muslim society lived, Ulema were the custodian
of religion
• In far flung areas where masses lived, Sufis played major role not only to
preserve the inner spirit of Islam among the Muslims but to win thousands of
converts
• Four Silsilah (organizations) are worth mentioning
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Chishtiyah- Khawaja Abu Ishaq (940 AD)
Qadiriyah- Sheikh Abdul Qadir (1077-1166 AD)
Suhrwardiyah- Shaikh Najiubuddin (1169 AD)
Naqshbandiya- Khawaja Bahauddin (1388 AD)
• The role of Chishtiyah
• Khawaja moinuddin Ajmeri converted many Rajputs to Islam
• Eminent Disciples like Shaikh Hamiduddin carried out peacful missionary
work
• Shaikh Fariduddin Ganj Shakr produced galaxy of Sufi preachers who
further spread the message of Islam
• Shaikh Nizamuddin propagated Islam and converted thousands in Bengal,
Deccan and Gujrat
• The Role of Qadiriyah
• This order established firm hold in Punjab and Sindh
• Many Sufi Scholars rendered their services in Delhi and Sindh
• However, this order didn’t make much headway in the sub-continent during
Delhi Sultanate
• The Role of Suhrawardiyah
• Shaikh Bahaudin Zakriya and his disciples converted many tribes to Islam in
Ucch
• The Role of Naqshbandiya
• Khawaja Baai Billa and his celebrated disciple Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi
rendered valuable services to the purification of Islam during and after the
reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar
• The ideas of Wahdat ul Wajood were dispelled by him and he stood up
against the un-Isalamic practices of Akbar’s era
• Other Muslim Renaissance Movements:
• Shaikh Ahmed’s cause was furthered by Shah Waliullah, whose time was
of great turmoil and anarchy of Muslim society-shia sunni rift and divisions
among sunnis; Ijtihad was put in cold storage and Shariah being
misinterpreted; Shah Waliullah regenrated the Muslim society and revived
the spirit of Shariah
• Ijtihad: by considering the spirit and overall frame work of Islam and pass
order or take decisions accordingly
• Jehad movement was spearheaded by Sayyid Ahmed Shaheed in NWFP
and the Punjab. He waged a Holy war against the Sikh forces and
established supremacy of Islam; he was martyred in Balakot along with
his commrade Shah Islamail.
Have a Nice Day
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