Transcript Abu Bakr up to Hijrah

Abu Bakr (r)
Up to Hijrah
A.S. Hashim, MD
From Wikipedia.com and
‫الدكتور احمد صبحي منصور‬
Sources of Reference
Tabaqat ibn Sa'd
Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Leiden
al-Bidayah wa'an-Nihayah
Life of Muhammad
Sahih al-Bukhari,
Tabari
The Encyclopaedia of Islam.
"The Life of Muhammad - A translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat
Rasul Allah" by A. Guillaume, Oxford University Press,
Qutayba al Dinawari. Al Imamah Wa'l Siyasa.
In this Slide Show
Abu Bakr from birth to the Hijrah
Lineage and Early Childhood
Embracing Islam
Influencing others to embrace Islam
Freeing slaves
Al-Siddique
With the Prophet from Mecca to Medina
Lineage
Abu Bakr was born in Mecca some time in the
year 573 CE,
In the Banu Taym branch of the Quraish tribe.
His father was Uthman nicknamed Abu Quhafa,
His mother was Selma nicknamed Umm al-Khair.
The birth name of Abu Bakr was 'Abdullah
(servant of Allah).
Lineage
Tribe
Father
Banu Taym of Quraish
Uthman Abu Quhafa
Abu Bakr
Tribe
Mother
Banu Taym of Quraish
Selma Umm al-Khair
Description
Abu Bakr was a thin man with fair skin.
A’isha in describing her father Abu Bakr is
quoted:
He was a man with fair skin, thin, emaciated,
with a sparse beard and a slightly hunched frame,
He had sunken eyes and protruding forehead, and
the bases of his fingers were hairless.
He earned the nickname of Atiq.
He was born in an affluent family.
Early Childhood
Abu Bakr spent his early childhood like
other Arab children of the time among the
Bedouins who called themselves Ahlul
Ba'eer ‫اهل البعير‬- the people of the camel,
In his early years he played with the baby
camels and his love for camels earned him
the nickname of Abu Bakr, the father of the
baby camel.
Bakr means baby camel
Early Life
When Abu Bakr was 10 years old he went to
Syria along with his father with the merchants'
caravan.
Like other children of the affluent Meccan
families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a
fondness for poetry.
He used to attend the annual fair at Ukadh ‫سوق‬
‫عكاظ‬, and participate in poetical symposia.
He had a very good memory and
Besides, he had a good knowledge of the
genealogy of the Arab tribes.
Early Youth
At the age of 18, Abu Bakr went into trade and adopted the
profession of a cloth merchant which was the family's
business.
In the coming years Abu Bakr traveled extensively with
caravans. Business trips took him to Yemen, Syria, and
elsewhere.
These travels brought him wealth and added to his
experience.
His business flourished and he rose in the scale of social
importance.
Though his father Abu Quhafa was still alive, Abu Bakr was
recognized as chief of his tribe.
Abu Bakr was assigned the office of awarding blood money
in cases of murder.
The Friendship
When Muhammad married Khadijah Bint
Khuwaylid and moved to her house, he became
a neighbor of Abu Bakr who lived in the same
area.
That area was the quarter of Meccan aristocracy.
Like the house of Khadijah, the house of Abu
Bakr was double storied and palatial in structure.
As neighbors, Muhammad and Abu Bakr came in
contact with each other.
Both were traders and good managers,
Muhammad being about two years older than
Abu Bakr.
Embracing Islam
On his return from a business trip from Yemen,
Abu Bakr was informed by Muhammad about
Islam. Abu Bakr declared his embrace of Islam
right away. He was about 38 yrs old.
Abu Bakr was the first to proclaim his embrace of
Islam
He was the first adult male to accept
Muhammad's Prophethood outside Muhammad’s
family
The Shi’a maintain that Abu Talib and other adult
members of Muhammad's immediate family who
first embraced Islam.
Embracing Islam
Some Sunnis accept Abu Talib may have been the
first adult male convert, others dispute that.
Scholars, as well as other Sunnis and all Shi'a
Muslims maintain that the first male to publicly
accept Muhammed as the messenger of Allah was
Ali ibn Abi Talib,
However, Ali was still a pre-pubescent, when he
accepted Islam. He was 10 yrs old.
Also Abu Bakr was the first person outside the
family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim.
To Recognize the Truth
In accepting Islam Abu Bakr has to:
1. To know the person of the Prophet
2. To evaluate the Message
3. To believe in the Message
4. To face the consequences
5. To enthusiastically spread the Message
Wives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Qutaylah ‫ قتيلة‬: She refused Islam, so Abu Bakr divorced
her. Children: Abdullah and Asmaa
Umm Ruman ‫ ام رومان‬: Converted to Islam. Children
Abdul Rahman and A’isha
Asmaa’ Bint Umais ‫ اسماء بنت عميس‬: Children: Muhammad
Habiba ‫حبيبة‬: Children Umm Kulthoom (born after he had
died)
Early on all Abu Bakr’s children embraced Islam except
Abdul Rahman from whom Abu Bakr separated.
At a later date Abu Bakr’s father and son Abdul Rahman
accepted Islam (just before the conquest of Mecca)
Bringing others to Islam
Abu Bakr‘ brought many people to Islam.
He persuaded his intimate friends to convert to Islam.
He presented Islam to others in such a way that many of
his friends opted for Islam such as:
Uthman Ibn Affan
Al-Zubayr
Talhah
Abdur Rahman bin Awf
Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas
Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah and many others
Slavery at the time
Slavery was common in Mecca, and many slaves
accepted Islam.
When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite
opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his
tribe.
For slaves however, there was no such protection,
and they were subjected to persecution.
Abu Bakr felt for these slaves, and to safeguard
them from persecution, he purchased them then set
them free.
Abu Bakr purchased the freedom of eight slaves,
four men and four women.
Slave so Saved
The men slaves Abu Bakr bought then set free
were:
Bilal ibn Ribah
Abu Fakih
Ammar ibn Yasir
Abu Fuhayra
The women were:
Lubaynah
Al-Nahdiah
Umm Ubays
Harithah bint al-Muammil
Persecution by Quraish
For three years after the advent of Islam, Muslims
kept secret their faith, and did not pray in public.
They used to pray twice a day, and fast on
Mondays and Thursdays.
When the Prophet called people to Islam in the
open, Muslims were demeaned and they became
the target for hurts and exposure to harm
Abu Bakr did not escape such hurts
Because of such treatments (that Abu Bakr received at the
hands of Quraish), his mother converted to Islam.
Insults and denigrations were common and
frequent, and Abu Bakr among other Muslims did
not escape them.
In an attempt to go to Abyssinia
Muslims migrated to Abyssinia because of the
horrible treatment they received at the hands of
Quraish.
Abu Bakr, feeling distress, set out for Yemen with
the intention to go to Abyssinia from there.
He met a friend (chief of the Qarah tribe) outside Mecca,
who invited Abu Bakr to seek his protection
against Quraish.
Abu Bakr agreed and he went back to Mecca,
but soon due to the pressure of Quraish, the
protection was withdrawn.
Once again Quraish were free to persecute Abu
Bakr.
Title of al-Siddîque
When Abu Bakr heard about Muhammad's Israa
and Mi'raaj (night Journey), he testified to it without
hesitation,
By so testifying, he was given the title of alSiddique,
al-Siddique ‫ ألصدّيق‬means:
"the truthful,"
"the upright," or
"the one who counts true," due to his immediate belief of
the Isra and Mi'raj .
The Roman-Persian Wars
During the Roman-Persian Wars, the sympathies
of the Quraish of Mecca was with the Persians
who were Zoroastrian.
The Muslims on the other hand had their
sympathies for the Byzantines
The Byzantines were Christians (the People of
the Book).
Verses of the Quran revealed of Surah Room:
with the prophesy that Byzantine (Romans)
would regain what they lost
and the Persians would be defeated within few
years.
The Verses Revealed Al-Room:1-5
ُ ‫الم‬
َ ‫ض َو ُهم ِمن بَع ِد‬
‫ون فِي ِبض ِع‬
َ ُ‫سيَغ ِلب‬
ِ َ‫غ ِلب‬
ُّ ‫ت‬
ِ ‫الرو ُم فِي أَدنَى اْلَر‬
َ ‫غلَ ِب ِهم‬
ِ ‫ون ِبنَص ِر ه‬
ِ ‫ين ۗ ِ ه‬
ۚ ‫اّلِل‬
َ ُ‫ّلِل اْلَم ُر ِمن قَب ُل َو ِمن بَعد ُ ۚ َويَو َم ِئ ٍذ يَف َر ُح ال ُمؤ ِمن‬
َ ‫ِس ِن‬
ُ ‫ص ُر َمن يَشَا ُء ۖ َو ُه َو العَ ِز‬
‫الر ِحي ُم‬
‫يز ه‬
ُ ‫يَن‬
ALM, The Roman Empire has been defeated in a land
close by; but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will
soon be victorious-Within a few years.
With Allah is the Decision, in the past and in the Future: on
that Day shall the Believers rejoice-With the help of Allah.
He helps whom He will, and He is exalted in might, most
merciful.
23
The Bet and the Wager
Over this war Abu Bakr had a wager with Ubayy bin
Khalf. Abu Bakr bet that the Romans would soon win.
Ubayy bin Khalf bet that the Persian would remain the
winners.
It was decided that one who lost the wager will pay one
hundred camels.
With a decisive Byzantine victory in 627 against the
Persians, Abu Bakr won the wager,
Though Ubayy bin Khalf had died by then, his heirs
however honored the agreement and gave Abu Bakr one
hundred camels.
Abu Bakr gave away all the camels as charity.
Migration to Medina
With arrangement and invitation of the Muslims of Medina,
Muhammad ordered Muslims of Mecca to migrate to Medina.
The migration began in batches. Ali was the last to remain in Mecca,
entrusted with responsibility for returning the Trusts to its owners,
and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraish led by
Ikrima attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept.
Meanwhile Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad in his migration for
Medina.
Due to the danger of the Quraish, they did not take the direct road
from Mecca to Medina.
They moved instead in the opposite direction, and took refuge in a
cave in Mount Thaur some five miles south of Mecca.
During Migration to Medina
Abdullah, son of Abu Bakr, would listen to the
plans and talks of Quraish, and at night he would
carry the news to the two fugitives in the cave.
Asmaa, daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them
meals every day.
Aamir a servant of Abu Bakr would bring a flock
of goats to the mouth of the cave every night
where they were milked.
The Quranic Verse Revealed
The Quraish sent search parties in all directions,
looking feverishly for the Prophet (pbuh).
One party came close to the entrance to the cave
where they were hiding, but was unable to sight
them.
It is said that a spider’s web was at the mouth of
the cave, and a dove perching on her nest was at
the mouth of the cave too.
This lead to the conclusion that no one could
ever be inside the cave.
Due to this the following verse of the Quran was
revealed:
The Quran Says: [Quran 9:40]
‫اال تنصروه فقد نصره هللا اذ اخرجه الذين كفروا ثاني اثنين اذ هما في الغار اذ يقول‬
‫لصاحبه ال تحزن ان هللا معنا‬
‫فانزل هللا سكينته عليه وايده بجنود لم تروها وجعل كلمة الذين كفروا السفلى وكلمة هللا‬
‫هي العليا وهللا عزيز حكيم‬
If you will not aid him, Allah certainly aided him when those
who disbelieved expelled him, he being the second of the two,
when they were both in the cave, when he said to his
companion: Grieve not, surely Allah is with us. So Allah sent
down His tranquility upon him and strengthened him with
hosts which you did not see, and made lowest the word of
those who disbelieved; and the word of Allah, that is the
highest; and Allah is Mighty, Wise.
Cave of Thaur
Muhammad (pbuh) and Abu
Bakr hid in Cave Thaur
Cave Thaur lies 5 miles
south of Mecca
They were in hiding for 3
days and nights
Spider web and dove nest at
the entrance
News and food was supplied
Abu Bakr Narration of the Journey
It is narrated from Anas from Abu Bakr he said, “I said to
the Prophet when we were in the cave,
"If only they had looked under their feet we would
assuredly be seen"
The Messenger answered,
"What do you think O' Abu Bakr ‫"ﻣﺎ ﻇﻨﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺛﺎﻟﺛﻬﻤﺎ‬
about two people if Allah is the third,
meaning God was with them.
After staying at the cave for three days and three nights,
Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceeded to Medina, staying
for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina.
Abu Bakr Narration of the Journey
At last we continued the journey
And while the mushrikeen kept looking for us, not
one that could pursue us except Suraqah ibn
Malik who rode his horse,
So I said to the Messenger of Allah, "This man
has succeded in pursuing us O' Messenger of
Allah," but he answered,
“Worry not, verily Allah is with ‫" ﻻ ﺗﺤﺰ ﻥ ﺇ ﻥ ﺍﷲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬
us) .
Hadiths through Abu Bakr
Nawawi states that only one hundred and forty-two (142)
Hadiths of the Prophet are narrated from Abu Bakr.
Nawawi then comments:
"The reason for this scarcity, despite the seniority of his
companionship to the Prophet, is that his death pre-dated the
dissemination of Hadiths
and the endeavor of the followers to hear, gather, and preserve
them”
Among Abu Bakr’s sayings: "Whoever fights his ego for
Allah’s sake, Allah will protect Him against what He
abhors."
Select Sayings of Abu Bakr
Knowledge is the life of the mind.
If you want to control other people, first control yourself.
God helps those who fear Him.
Maybe a thing that you do not like is really in your
interest. It is possible that a thing that you may desire
may be against your interest.
O man you are busy working for the world, and the world
is busy trying to turn you out.
Have an earnestness for death and you will have life.
Allah will help him who moves in the way of Allah.
Western Writers about Abu Bakr
Edward Gibbon wrote about Abu Bakr as:
The moderation, and the veracity of Abu Bakr
confirmed the new religion, and furnished an
example for invitation.
William Montgomery Watt writes:
From 622 to 632 he (Abu Bakr) was
Muhammad's chief adviser, but had no prominent
public functions except that he conducted the
pilgrimage to Mecca in 631, and led the public
prayers in Medina during Muhammad's last
illness.
Western Writers about Abu Bakr
William Muir states that:
Abu Bakr's judgment was sound and impartial;
his conversation agreeable and his demeanor
affable and much sought after by the Quraish
and he was popular throughout the city.... The
faith of Abu Bakr was the greatest guarantee of
Muhammad's sincerity in the beginning of his
career, and indeed, in a modified sense,
throughout his life. To have such a person as a
staunch adherent of his claim, was for
Muhammad a most important step.
Worthy Reference
Mu'awiya's answer to Muhammad son of
Abu Bakr’s letter: In Arabic:
‫المكاتبة التي جرت بين محمد ابن أبي بكر وبين معاوية‬
It points out how Mu’awiya considered:
both Abu Bakr and Omar
and his evaluation of the Saqifa events in
regard to the Khilaafah
In Conclusion
Abu Bakr from birth up to the Hijrah from
Mecca to Medina
Abu Bakr’s lineage and childhood
During his youthful life
Abu Bakr the Muslim, influencing others
Freeing some slaves
Escaping Mecca with of the Prophet (pbuh)
The arduous journey to medina
Finally we quote the Quran:
By the Token of Time
Verily Man is in loss,
Except those who
believe and do good
works, and exhort one
another to Truth and
exhort one another to
patience.
ِ ‫ِبس ِم‬
‫الر ِح ِيم‬
‫من ه‬
‫هللا ه‬
ِ ‫الرح‬
‫َوالعَص ِر‬
‫ان لَ ِفي ُخس ٍر‬
َ ‫س‬
َ ‫ِإ هن اِالن‬
‫ع ِملُوا‬
َ ‫ِإال اله ِذ‬
َ ‫ين آ َمنُوا َو‬
‫ق‬
ِ ‫صا ِل َحا‬
‫ال ه‬
َ ‫ت َوت َ َوا‬
ِ ّ ‫صوا ِبال َح‬
‫صب ِر‬
‫صوا ِبال ه‬
َ ‫َوت َ َوا‬
THANK YOU
Be in God’s Care
Dr. A.S. Hashim