Transcript The Rise of Islam - Liberty Hill High School

The Rise &
spread of
Islam
622 c.e. to 1450 c.e.
Calligraphy says, “Salam.”
Mohammed
• Merchant from Mecca
• Last prophet
• Fled to Medina in 622
starting the Islamic
calendar (hijra)
Mohammed is traditionally pictured without a face
in order to avoid the issue of people worshiping him
and not God.
Basics of Islam
• 5 Pillars of Faith
– Do you know them?
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Monotheistic
Koran (Quŕan)
Kabba
Mosques - minarets
Egypt
Kabba in
Mecca
Concepts in Islam
• Hadith – the deeds and speeches of
Mohammed
• Imam – religious leader chosen by age or status
• Mullah – local religious leader
• Islam unifies the
Empire
• Islam is a religion
and a way of life
– Islamic Law
• Islam splits
between Sunni and
Shiite
– Religious leaders
can be anyone
– Religious leaders
must be
descendants of
Mohammed
Religion
Sunni and Shiite
Men and Women in Islam
Men
Women
• Make all major decisions • Women lose rights as Islam
spread east
• Can have four wives
(travelling merchants)
• Often secluded in the home
• Divorce is easy
• Fewer education
opportunities
• Often have restrictive dress
code
• Divorce nearly impossible
• Spiritually not secularly equal.
– Seclusion
– Veiling (purdah)
Jihad in Islam
• The Word “Jihad” means to struggle or
strive
•Levels of Jihad
– Struggle to improve yourself
– Struggle against evil in society
– Struggle on the battlefield
•Valid reasons for Jihad on the battlefield
– Self Defense
•To remove human tyranny, oppression, and
persecution
Spread of Islam video
Setting
• By 750C.E. the Islamic
Empire stretched from
India to Spain
• Controlled
transportation routes
• By 1450, the empire
was smaller but still
influential
Cordoba, Spain
Move to spread
Delhi, India
Politics
• Caliphs - religious and political
leaders
• Sultans - political leaders
• Strong armies
• Extensive bureaucracies
• Crusades weaken caliphates
and empire fragments
• Saladin leads Mamluks (slave
army made up of Asia Minor
people) against crusaders
• Mamluks then seize power in
Egypt after the death of Saladin.
First Crusade
Saladin and Crusaders
Innovations
• Medicine
– Prescription drugs
– surgery
• Mathematics
– Algebra
• Literature
– Poetry
– calligraphy
• Art
• Architecture
– arabesque
• Libraries
Algebra
Technology
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Steel - Damascus
Used arch and dome
Cotton, silk textiles
Glass
Irrigation (qanats)
Drained swampland
Economy
• Agriculture was important in
areas with good climates
• Merchants VERY important
• Trade Networks
– Silk Road
– Indian Ocean Routes
– Saharan camel routes
• Systems to transfer money
– Banking and branch banking
– Checks
– Credit
– Currency Exchange
• Economic controls
– Worker and craft guilds
(quality regulation)
– Price Regulation
Who am I?
Society
• Social Mobility
– Based on education and achievements
• Tax on non-Muslims
– “People of the Book” not persecuted
• Slavery
– Only non-Muslims could be enslaved
– Slaves could buy freedom
– Children of slaves who converted were
freed
• Merchants were honored (Mohammed
was a merchant)
Why did Islam Spread?
• Motivation for Bedouins
– Gave them an excuse to raid their
enemies
– United them and broke clan/family ties
– Accepted polygamy
Why Did Islam Spread?
• Military Success
– Bravery was a culture trait
of the Bedouins of Arabia
– Organization and mobility
(horse)
– Superior military tactics
– Persian and Byzantine
Empires were weak
– Conquered soldiers were
converted and
incorporated into Muslim
army
– A place in Paradise if you
died in battle
Why Did Islam Spread?
• Trade Networks
– Islamic lands linked Africa, Asia
and Europe
• Merchants traveled the “Silk
Roads” and Indian Ocean
sea routes
– Cultural centers like Cairo,
Mecca, Alexandria and
Baghdad provided centers of
learning to which thousands
traveled each year
– Sufis were merchant
missionaries. They spread Islam
peacefully, were mystics.
Why Did Islam Spread?
• Treatment of Conquered Peoples
– Toleration
• Often led to acceptance
• Muslims welcomed in areas where people had been
persecuted
– Conquered Christians and Jews often
converted because of similarities
Islamic Empires: Umayyad
• Capital - Damascus
• A small Arab/Muslim aristocracy ruled over a
people who were not Arab and largely not
“Muslim” - Mawali. (They converted but were
not recognized)
• “People of the Book” were generally tolerated.
• Expansion across North Africa to Iberian
Peninsula as well as into Central Asia.
• Declined:
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“more political than pious” (luxury and soft living)
Revolts by dissenting Muslims
Non-Arab resentment
Army revolt led under the black banner of the
Abbasid Party defeated the Umayyad and
slaughtered most of the family at a reconciliation
banquet.
Umayyad Architecture
Umayyad Caliphate
Islamic Empires: Abbasid
• Ends Arab domination, Mawali conversion
in mass from Berbers and Moors to Turks.
• Capital at Baghdad
– Persians dominate the expanding
bureaucracy
– Harun al Rashid ruled from 786-809
• Wealth and splendor equal to Byzantium
• Exchanged gifts and ambassadors with
Charlemagne
• Lavish court, palace was 1/3 of the city of
Baghdad
• Wealth and Prosperity
Muslim Empires:
– Revival of trade routes across
Abbasid
Sahara, Mediterranean Sea
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and Silk Road
Merchants were Christians,
Muslims and Jews
Bazaars held spices,
minerals, dyes, gems, olives,
wine, wheat, silk, porcelain,
horses, etc
Joint Stock companies
Banking with credit and
checks
Workshops made glass,
jewelry, tapestries,
Damascus Steel, Cordoba
Leather and paper
Collapse of the Abbasid
• Causes:
– Social Stratification
• Arabs played and increasingly smaller role in the
society as Turks and other non-Arabs migrated in
– Sectarian Divisions
• Different Islamic groups vied for power
– Regional Separation
• Empire was too large for weakened military to
control
Division in the Muslim World after
collapse of Abbasid
• Umayyads still in Spain (750-1100)
• Fatimids in Egypt (900+)
• Mamluks in Egypt (1250-1517)
• Seljuk Turks in Isfahan (Persia) (1050+)
• Mongols in Baghdad (1258+)
• Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor (1300-1919)
• Safavids in Isfahan (1499+)
Seljuk Turks
And now…Kenya
China
Bulgaria
Iran
Desecrated WW I graves in France
Kyrgyzstan
Indonesia