Transcript Unit 14 :Modern Middle East

Unit 14 :Modern
Middle East
HERE IS THE WORLD…
…AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA
Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of
Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia
NORTH AFRICA
SOUTHWEST ASIA
MIDDLE
EAST
SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”
SOME COUNTRIES IN NORTH AFRICA ARE
(Sinai Peninsula)
ALGERIA
AND EGYPT
LIBYA
SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE:
AFGHANISTAN
TURKEY
IRAQ
IRAN
SAUDI ARABIA
KUWAIT
QATAR
ISRAEL
AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
SEMI
DESERT
DESERT
DESERT
SAHEL
Most of the climate is arid (dry)
and semi-arid (partly dry)
Ancient Middle East
a. Neolithic Revolution 10,000 – 3500
BC
b. Hunters and gatherers to farmers
c. Ground work of civilization
d. Domestication of animals and
farming
e. Lead to development of cities
Early Mesopotamia
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Plains easy to invade
Much cultural diffusion
Fertile Crescent
Crossroads of civilization
Sumerian Civilization
■
■
■
■
■
Polytheistic
Ziggurats
City state
Grew rich from trade
Contributions
–Wheel
–Cuneiform
–Algebra/geometry
Other Civilizations of the Fertile
Crescent
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Many outside groups invaded the Fertile Crescent
Assyrians
Persians
Babylon/ Hammurabi’s laws Code
Favored the upper class over lower ones/ punishment was
harsh
f. Hittites/Iron
g. Lydians/coined money
h. Phoenicians/carriers of civilization
Byzantine Empire
a. Justinian’s Law Code
b. Byzantine Architecture
c. Control of the Dardanelles
d. Strait of Bosporus
e. Eastern Orthodox Religion
f. The Great Schism/Icons 1054
g. Preserved Greco-Roman Culture
Rise of Judaism
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Monotheistic
Torah
Ten Commandments
Old Testament of the Bible contains the Torah
Moral Standards and Justice
Dietary laws/pork and shellfish prohibited
Combining meat and dairy
Rise of Islam
a.
b.
c.
d.
Muhammad
Hegira (hijra) Mecca to Medina
Koran (Quran)
Five Pillars
a. Allah is the one and only God
b. Pray five times a day
c. Give alms to the poor
d. Fast during Ramadan
e. Pilgrimage to Mecca
Islam: Customs and Achievements
a. Dietary Rules: no pork/ no alcohol/
b. no gambling
c. Dress requirements for women
d. Appealed to many because it emphasized honesty,
generosity, and social justice
e. Built vast trading empires/important means of
spreading Islam as well as war
f. Golden Age Mathematics and Science/Medicine
Divisions within Islam
a. Sunnis believed that the caliph
should be chosen by Muslim
leaders
b. Shiites believe that only
descendents of Muhammad
should be his successor
Islamic Dynasties
■Special tax on non Muslims/ but
allowed to practice own faith
■Slavery
■Major Dynasties/Umayyad &
Abbasid
■Crusades
Crusades
a. Were driven by Christian desire to force the
Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain power
and wealth
b. Resulted in trade increase with the Muslim world
c. Introduced Europeans to the advances of
Byzantine and Muslim civilizations
d. Catholic Church loses power
e. Social Mobility more than European society
f. Decline of feudalism
g. Long term tension between Muslims & Christians
From 1300 through the 1600s,
the Ottoman Empire was the most powerful
empire in Southwest Asia & North Africa
From 1700s to 1922,
the Ottoman Empire
grew weak due to
poor leadership
Suleiman the Lawgiver
Janissaries & “gunpowder” empire
By the outbreak of
World War I, the
Ottoman Empire was
the “sick man of Europe”
When the Central Powers lost World War I in 1919,
the Ottoman Empire broke apart & was forced
to give up all territories except Turkey
In 1922, Nationalist leader
Mustafa Kemal overthrew
the last Ottoman sultan &
created the Republic of Turkey
Kemal was elected Turkey’s first president in 1923
& became known as “Ataturk” (Father of the Turks)
As President, Kemal
transformed Turkey into
a modern nation
Kemal separated the
laws of Islam from the
laws of the nation &
introduced a Europeanstyle legal code
He granted women
the right to vote &
run for public office
He encouraged industry
& a capitalist economy
Today, Turkey is a wealthy nation with a
model democracy that protects freedom
among a largely secular Islamic population
When WWI ended, the Middle East was divided into
mandates that were controlled by Britain and France
Britain &
Increasing
France
demand for
offered
oil in the
self-rule
1920s & 30s
to Arabs
brought
in the
European &
mandates...
American oil
companies
…but the
which
European
dominated
powers
the local
held real
governments
control
of Iran, Iraq,
over the
Kuwait &
region’s
Saudi Arabia
oil fields
The domination of the Middle East by Western
powers & the success of Kemal in Turkey increased
Arab nationalism & calls for independence
In the 1930s, Iraq
& Saudi Arabia
formed nations
The end of WWII
in 1945 inspired a
new wave of Arab
nationalism as Syria,
Lebanon & Jordan
became nations
By the 1970s,
all of the territories
in the Middle East
were independent
of European control
Egypt
a.1950s ruled by Gamal Abdel Nasser
b.Soviet Union Alliance:
c.1956 Nationalize the Suez Canal
d.Wants money to modernize Egypt
e.Leads to war 1956 Egypt vs. Israel,
Britain and France.
f. Aswan Dam: Nile River Delta, control
flooding, increased saltiness of river
In 1960, the oil-producing nations of the world
formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) to regulate the supply & price of oil
OPEC gave
Middle Eastern
nations greater
control over the
oil in the region
In 1973, OPEC used as a
political/economic
weapon by cutting
supplies to Israel’s allies
Arab Israel Conflict
■ 1917/ 1923 Balfour Declaration by Britain
■ Supported the Idea of Zionism/nation for the Jews
■ Both Jews and Palestinians claimed the right to the
land of Palestine/historic claim
■ 1947 United Nations drew up a plan
■ Dividing Palestine
■ War broke out
■ Cold War: US backs Israel/Soviet Union backs Arabs
The creation of Israel changed
the history of the Middle East
After WWII, the United Nations
partitioned the British mandate
Palestine into a Palestinian state
& a Jewish state called Israel
When Israel declares itself
an independent nation in 1948,
the first Arab-Israeli War began
as Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon,
Saudi Arabia, Syria invaded Israel
Israel defended itself & seized
additional territories along the
West Bank & border with Egypt
Arab Israeli Conflict
■
■
■
■
■
Israel wins / 700,000 Palestinians homeless
Ben Gurion/nationalist leader of Israel
Doubles its territory
1948-1949 War
1956 War: over Suez Canal
Fighting broke out
again in 1967 as
Israel quickly
defeated Egypt,
Jordan, Syria, Iran
In 1973, Arabs attacked again
in the Yom Kippur War, but
Israel defended itself under
the leadership of Prime
Minister Golda Meir
After this Six Day
War, Israel gained
control of
Jerusalem, the
Golan Heights,
West Bank, &
Sinai Peninsula
Israel saw these
territories as a
buffer zone from
future attacks
In 1977, a major breakthrough took place when
Egypt agreed to recognize Israel’s right to exist in
exchange for a return of the Sinai Peninsula by Israel
Arab-Israeli Conflict
■ Camp David Accords (1978-79)
–Treaty between Egypt (Anwar Sadat)
and Israel (Menachem Begin)
–First peace agreement between an
Arab state and Israel
–Land for recognition deal
•Egypt regained Sinai Peninsula
•Israel given recognition and
guarantees of security
As Israel & Arabs
fought, Palestinians
struggled for
recognition
Palestinian Muslims
were granted a
partition by the
United Nations ,
but Israel seized
some of areas in
the Strip Gaza &
the West Bank
In 1964, the
Since its formation, the PLO
Palestinian Liberation
has carried out numerous
Organization (PLO)
attacks on Israel & receives
was formed to demand
aid from many Muslim
a Palestinian state
nations in the Middle East
Arab-Israeli Conflict
■ PLO Terrorism (1960s-1980s)
– Palestine Liberation
Organization: liberate
Palestine from Jewish control
– Led by Yasser Arafat
– Known for using terrorism
• Airplane hijackings
• Bus bombings
• Abduction of Israeli
athletes at Munich
Olympics in 1972
Arafat
■I don’t know anyone who has
as much civilian Jewish blood
on his hands as Arafat since
the Nazis’ time.”
Former Israeli Defense Minister
Ariel Sharon, October 1995
Arab-Israeli Conflict
■ Oslo Peace Accords (1993)
– Agreement between Israel and Palestinians
– Arafat renounced terrorism in the PLO
– Land for recognition deal
• Israel given recognition and guarantees of security
• Palestine given limited self-rule in the Gaza Strip and
West bank
– By the beginning of the 21st century both sides
accused the other of breaking the Peace Accords
and violence ensued again
■ Further peace agreements are still being
looked for
Israeli-Palestinian
tensions have
intensified in recent
years due to suicide
bombings in Jewish
civilian territories
Peace talks have stalled as
Israel refuses to negotiate
until Palestinian attacks stop
Recently, both sides have
discussed creating a new
Palestinian state that would
exist peacefully next to Israel
ISRAEL
The Current Situation in the
Middle East
Video on building a wall to
divide Israel and the West Bank
from 2002 (7:23)
Video on the current state of
conflict between Israel and the
Palestinians from December 2010
(stop at 2:13)
Civil War in Lebanon
■ Religious Civil War between Christians and Muslims
a. Began in 1975
b. Israeli and Syrian forces were also involved
c. Anarchy in Lebanon
d. 1990s a degree of order had returned
e. 2006 Israel invades Lebanon again to destroy
terrorist bases in that country.
Iranian Revolution
Road to Iranian Revolution
■ Reza Khan Pahlavi
- Modernizes and Westernizes
Iran
- Builds factories and railroads
- Adopts western alphabet and
western clothing
- Replaces Muslim Law with
Secular Law
- Supports wealthy urban
Iranian, not Muslim clerics
Road to Iranian Revolution
■ 1953 – Reza Khan’s
grandson, Muhammad
Reza Pahlavi takes
control. Heavily
supported by U.S. and
Britain who assist in
overthrowing a
democratically elected
government led by Prime
Minister Mohammad
Mossadegh
Road to Iranian Revolution
■ Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi continues to
modernize/westernize Iran and rules as a dictator
Road to Iranian Revolution
■Iran early
1970s
Road to Iranian Revolution
■Shah Pahlavi’s rule comes under
question by many different
groups:
- Those who want democracy
- Those who want socialism
- Those who support Islamic
Fundamentalism
Iranian Revolution
■ In the 1970s, the
Shah’s power comes
under attack by all
these groups.
■ Exiled Ayatollah
Khomeini, a Islamic
fundamentalist,
becomes the leader of
the opposition
■ Ayatollah is the name
given to a Shiite
Muslim Legal Expert
Iranian Revolution
■With protests mounting, the Shah,
ill with cancer, flees Iran in 1979.
■The Shah received care in the US.
■Iranians stormed US
embassy and held US
citizens hostage
Iranian Revolution
■Khomeini and the
Islamic
Fundamentalists
take over the
country and
declare Iran an
Islamic Republic
Iranian Revolution
■ 2005 - Present –
Despite complaints
by the United States,
Israel, and other
Western powers Iran
begins an aggressive
nuclear program
under leadership of
President Mahmoud
Ahmadinjad
Iranian Revolution
■ Impacts of Iranian Revolution
- New Iranian government is very hostile
to West, especially U.S.
- Government requires strict adherence to
Muslim religion
- Western books, music and movies
were banned
- Most rights taken away from women
(I.E., purdah)
- Iran encourages other Muslim countries
to overthrow secular governments
One important trend of the past 50 years has
been the increase in international terrorism
Terrorism is when people
or groups use violence &
fear to bring change to a
government or society
Terrorism is not new;
Since the 1960s more
than 14,000 attacks have
occurred worldwide
Terrorism occurs for different
reasons by a variety of groups
In the Middle East,
Palestinian groups like
Hamas & Hezbollah
target attacks on Israel
In Northern Ireland, the
Irish Republican Army
(IRA) used terrorism
against Britain to try to
gain independence
In Peru, Shining Path led a
revolution inspired by Mao’s
Cultural Revolution
Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia (FARC) has tried
to create a Cuba-style
communist gov’t in Colombia
In Italy, the Red Brigade was a
communist group that used
attacks & assassinations to
get Italy to leave NATO
Afghanistan
■ Taliban 1996-2001
–Islamic fundamentalist government
–Harbored international terrorist
organization Al Qaeda
–Taliban ousted by US military after
9/11 attacks
–Since 2001 Afghanistan has been
struggling to build a democracy while
the Taliban slowly rebuilds strength
The most deadly
terrorist organization
in recent history is
al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda was formed
by Osama bin Laden
as a radical terrorist
organization to create
a new Islamic empire
Al-Qaeda has attacked
the USA & other
Western nations that
bin Laden believes are
trying to destroy Islam
In 1998, two U.S.
In 1993, al-Qaeda embassies in Africa
detonated a bomb
were bombed
in the basement of
In 2000, the
the World Trade
USS Cole was
Center in New York
attacked in Yemen
On September 11, 2001, hijacked planes
destroyed the World Trade Center &
hit the Pentagon in Washington D.C.
After 9/11, President George W Bush
declared a “war on terrorism” & sent
troops to destroy al-Qaeda in Afghanistan
The American Response to September 11, 2001
al Qaeda terrorists
Iran, Iraq, & North Korea deemed
an “Axis of Evil” by US
Taliban government
Iraq
■ Saddam Hussein
– Authoritarian Dictator came to power in the 1970s
– 1980-1988 Iran Iraq War
– 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War
• 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes oil fields
• 1991 US and United Nations defeat Iraq
– Economic Sanctions against Iraq
– Saddam used chemical weapons against the Kurds to squash their
feelings of nationalism
■ Iraq War 2003-2012
– US claimed Iraq had weapons of mass destruction
– US and Britain led invasion that ousted Hussein from power
– Hussein captured, put on trial for “crimes against humanity” and
executed
– Iraq now attempting to set up a democracy
Target: Bin Laden Video (7.25)
“We Got Him” Video (7.05)
2011 Arab Spring Uprisings
■ In 2011 a revolutionary wave swept through Africa
and the Middle East
■ People demanded end to oppressive dictatorships
and a change to democracy
■ Marches, rallies, demonstrations, use of social media
to get message across
– Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak forced to resign
– Libyan Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi ousted from power
and killed
In 2010-2011, numerous revolutions erupted in
North Africa & the Middle East in which citizens
are demanding the overthrow of authoritarian
governments in favor of democracy
Overview video (2.39)
Arab Spring Timeline
What’s Happening in the Arab World?
What options do
citizens have when they
want democracy?
What’s Happening in the Arab World?
What options do
leaders have when
protests occur?
Arab Spring Videos: Tunisia, Egypt, Libya
Uprising: Radical Jihad or Democratic Protest?
Islamic Fundamentalism
■ Strict adherence to Muslim traditions/ writings in the
Quran
■ Iran/Libya/Algeria
■ Anti western
■ Women loses rights
■ Conflicts between traditionalists and modernists
■ Shiites (fundamentalists) vs Sunnis (modernists) and
or Westernized countries