Transcript Unit 8 - Ms. McManamy`s Class

Political Map of Southwest Asia
Physical Map of Southwest Asia
Physical SW Asia
Arabian Peninsula
Anatolian Peninsula
Map of North Africa
Waterways of SW Asia
Red Sea
Black Sea
Waterways of SW Asia
Dead Sea: so salty you cannot
sink
Jordan River: natural
boundary b/w Israel and
Jordan
Cradle of Civilization - Mesopotamia
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Deserts, Oasis’, & Salt Flats
Rub al-Khali: Empty Quarter.
“place no one comes out”, most of
SW Asia is Arid & Semiarid
Salt Flat: Dasht-e Lut &
Dsaht-e Kavir in Iran
Ethnic and Religious Groups
Ethnic Groups
Religious Groups
Climates & Ecosystems
Climates of SW Asia
Ecosystems of SW Asia
Physical Characteristics of N. Africa
• Mediterranean coastal
climates--- hot, sunny
summers, cool, rainy
winters
• Need to live near a water
source
• Ppl along coast have
easier contact with ppl
than those in the interior
• No connecting navigable
rivers
1. Largest desert in the world, 3,000 miles
2. 134 degrees in the day and below freezing at night
3. 20% sand
4. Camels can go up to 17 days without water
5. Rely on aquifers and oasis’
Ottoman Empire
European Influence on N. Africa
 French Colonies:
Libya, Algeria, Tunisia,
Morocco.
 English Colonies:
Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
Afghanistan, Iraq,
Palestine
European Influence on SW. Asia
Early Movement
 The Berbers were the
original inhabitants of N.
Africa & were farmers
and herders
 Camels were introduced
during Roman rule from
Central Asia & were very
well adapted to desert
climate
 1st time reg. trade was
est. crossed desert in
caravans
Settlement Patterns
 ½ of pop lives in rural
villages
 Sm. Houses of sun-dried
brick
 rise at dawn, nap midday
b/c too hot, work until
dusk
 still use wooden plows
Settlement Patterns: Desert Nomads in Africa
Tuareg --- speak own
language, only Berber
language with a
written form, means
“free men”, severe
drought has caused
some to resort to
farming, mostly
located in Burkina
Faso and Libya
The Water Solution
1. Iceberg Project
abandoned in 1981
2. National Water
Carrier Project in
Israel– carries water
from N. to central &
S.
3. Desalination
Plants: removes salt
from ocean water,
very expensive, still
too salty for
irrigation so used for
sewage systems
4. Fossil Water: old
water from deep
underground
aquifers
Water Systems
1. Irrigation Canal:
deliver water to arid
regions, evaporates
quickly, used in Oman
2. Noria: waterwheel run
by flow water or animal
power used to lift water
from the river to the
fields (Syria)
3. Drip Irrigation:
reduces evaporation,
used in the Negev
Desert in Israel
4. Qanat: system of
underground bricklined tunnels and wells
that collect runoff water
from the mountains
Nile
River
World’s longest river –
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4,160 miles, flows
North
Empties into Nile Delta
(extremely fertile)
The Fellaheen
(Egyptian peasants)
grow impressive crops
without modern
machinery
Population – 68 million
(99% live along Nile R.)
High population
density (2,700 ppl per
sq mi)
2 major cities: Cairo &
Alexandria
Controlling the Nile
 Basin Irrigation: long walls built around fields to trap
water and silt (didn’t work yr round)
 Reservoir: Lake Nasser (300 mi.) on the Aswan Dam,
caused an increase in Malaria, but provides steady water
supply
 Perennial Irrigation System
Aswan High Dam
- stopped flooding of
Nile, 35 % of Egyptian
farmland have a high
salt content, but
increased farmland by
50%. However, b/c
flooding stopped so
did the deposit of
new silt
Suez Canal
 links Med. Sea and
Red Sea opened in
1869 – made Egypt
vital link
 About 105 mi long
 Reduces the 12,300
mi long trip
between London
and Mumbai to
7,200 mi
Oil from the Sand
1. Petroleum = Oil
2. Discovered in SW
Asia in 1920s
3. World’s largest oil
field is al-Ghawar
in Saudi Arabia in
the Rub al-Khali
desert and contains
¼ of Saudi Arabia’s
oil reserves
4. OPEC:
Organization of
Petroleum
Exporting Counties
Processing Petroleum
1. Drills pump out the
2.
3.
4.
5.
crude oil into storage
tanks
Natural gas, water,
and sediments are
removed and oil is
sent to a pumping
station
Crude oil is sent to
refineries either in
tankers or by
pipelines
At the refinery crude
oil is converted into
useful products like
gasoline
Products are
transported
worldwide
More Oil Facts
Oil Consumers
Oil Producers
Oil: A Strategic Commodity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
64 % of world’s oil deposits
34% of natural gas reserves
44.5 million barrels a day –
50% of world’s demand
Oil prices unstable
Use oil profits to modernize
and industrialize
Use oil profits to diversify
economy
Kuwait: free public
education
Economies
Subsistence Farming and
Nomadic Herding
Oil, hydroelectricity, natural
gas, minerals, need for other
resources
Islam
 Muhammad as 1 true
prophet, but belief
in other prophets
 Qur’an – words of
God; Hadith – words
of Muhammad
 5 pillars of Faith
 6 Articles of Faith
Effects of Islam on SW Asia
Major religion for
Bahrain, Kuwait,
Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Qatar, United Arab
Emirates, Syria,
Lebannon, Jordan, Iran,
Iraq, Afghanistan, and
Yemen – many are
theocratic govts.
2. Mecca: holiest city of
Islam (where
Muhammad spend
much of his life)
3. 5 Pillars of Faith: (Faith,
Prayer 5x a day, Charity,
Fasting- Ramadan,
Pilgrimage to Mecca)
4. Mosques: Muslim
place of worship
1.
Islam in North Africa
 Most N. Africans are
Muslim
 1st brought to Africa in
632 CE
 All N. African coast
Muslim by 750 CE
 By 1500 extended
through the Sahara
 Mostly Sunni
Jerusalem: Holy for 3 Religions
Basic Beliefs of Judaism
 One God, no form,
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creator, pray to him
alone
Moses as chief prophet
Torah as Law from God,
passed down through
Moses, can’t be changed
Coming of the Messiah
Rewards good, punishes
bad
Food must be Kosher
Jerusalem: Holy for Jews
1. Capital of Israel
2. Temple Mount: site
of King Solomon’s 1st
temple and the spot
where Abraham was
prepared to sacrifice
his son to God
3. Site of the 2nd temple
4. Western Wall:
Wailing Wall- last
pieces of the 2nd wall
that was destroyed by
Romans in 70 CE
Christianity
 Breakaway sect of Judaism,
followers of Jesus Christ
 12 disciples, Virgin Mary, son
of God, original sin
 Bible – Old (before Jesus) &
New (after Jesus) Testament
 Beliefs:
 1. God
 2. Trinity
 3. Bible
 4. Death & Resurrection of
Jesus
 5. Return of Jesus
 6. Salvation & Punishment
Jerusalem: Holy for Christians
Crusades:
Christians fought
for control of the
city from Muslims –
lost
2. Site of Jesus’
crucifixion
1.
Jerusalem: Holy for Muslims
1. Dome of the Rock:
houses the spot
where Muhammad
ascended to heaven,
located on the
Temple Mount
2. Al-Aqsa: mosque
Creation of the State of Israel
1. Balfour
Declaration: UN
divides Palestine
into 2 states: 1 for
the Jews and 1 for
the Arabs
2. Arabs did not agree,
but Israel was
formed anyway in
1948
3. Surrounding Arab
nations launched
war against Israel
and lost b/c Israel
was supported by
the UN (aka USA &
UK)
Palestinian Mandate
Who does the land belong to?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
Ottoman Empire: 1520 –
1922, Muslim based, Turkish
govt., fell at the end of WWI,
lands split between France
and England
French: Syria (1946) &
Lebanon (1943)
British: Israel & Jordan
(called Palestine)
Zionism: goal to create a
Jewish homeland
By 1914: 12% of Palestine was
Jewish
Jews poured into Palestine to
escape the Holocaust
British stopped immigration
in 1939
Palestinian Loss of Land
West Bank and the Gaza Strip
The West Bank and Gaza
Strip were under Israeli
control until 1960s
2. Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) was
formed to regain the land for
the Arabs
3. West Bank and Gaza Strip are
now under Arab control and
are a safe zone for Palestinian
Arabs
1.
Palestinian Refugees
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In 1949 the UN
created 53
Palestinian refugee
camps
They were supposed
to be temporary
Each camp holds b/w
35,000 – 50,000
people
Israeli govt. controls
all movement in and
out of the camps
Education, money,
food, health care
provided by the UN
Life in Israel Today
1.
2.
3.
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5.
6.
School from 5-15 years
At 15 choose b/w tech school
or academic school or the
workforce
Drive & get married at 17 yrs
Enter the military at 18: 3 yrs
for men; 2 years for women,
but women no active combat
Some restaurants have
separate dining areas for men
and women (Arab)
Most ethnically diverse
country in the world
Kurds
Stateless nation
2. 1988 Iraq dropped mustard
gas bombs on Kurdish
settlements killing 5,000 ppl
3. Kurdistan: in parts of Turkey,
Iran, Iraq, and Syria
4. Kurds make up 20% of
Turkey are majorly repressed
1.
Sunni vs Shi’ite
Sunni: 83 % of Muslims
Shi’ite: most Iranians
Persian Gulf War
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
War for control over the oil
fields
1990 Iraq (under Saddam
Hussein) invaded Kuwait
US and 32 other countries
fought to expel Iraq
Iraq set fire to 700 oil wells
US and UN won
Cyprus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Inhabited since 6000 BCE
Has been occupied by
Phoenicians, Egyptians,
Greeks, Romans, Ottoman
Turks, and Great Britain
Independence in 1960
Tensions b/w Greek-Cypriot
majority and TurkishCypriot minority
Only Turkey recognizes
Northern Cyprus as the
independent country – the
Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus
Arab vs. Muslim (they are NOT synonymous!)
Arabic is a cultural group.
Muslims are a religious group
Characteristics of an Arab
1.
2.
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6.
7.
Arabic is a language of many
dialects
Many, NOT ALL, are Muslim
They feel a responsibility to
care for the poor
Strong family loyalty
Use heavy spices when
cooking and many meals
feature wheat or rice
Tend to be VERY
conservative
Reject Western culture
because of the fear they will
loose their values
Terrorism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Taliban- held Afghanistan
from 1996-2001
Launched 9/11 attacks
Believe in VERY strict Sharia
Law
TV, internet & music
banned
Men MUST wear a beard
Osama bin Laden and alQueda
Taliban Control of Women
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Women cannot go to school
Women may not work
outside of the home
Women may not leave their
homes without a male escort
Women must be fully
covered by a Burka
Women may not wear
fingernail polish
All of this was to safeguard
women’s honor
Women in North Africa
 most women are
housewives
 In Tunisia it is
illegal to have more
than 1 wife, divorce
is possible, no more
arranged marriage
before 13, equal pay
Rai
• 1st used to
communicate
Algerian resentment
of the French govt.
• Islamic
fundamentalists
have tried to ban Rai
• Still used in
rebellion especially
by women against
Islamic
fundamentalism
Directions:
Choose a song from the last 30 years (1980 – present) that you feel is
a protest song. It can be protesting anything, but you must identify what
the song is protesting. You must provide:
1.Name of the song and artist of the song (15 points)
2.Provide the lyrics of the song (school censored please!) (35 points)
3.Write at least one paragraph explaining what the song is protesting and if
you agree or disagree with what the song is protesting. (50 points)
Afghanistan Conflict
 Wanted by Russia
and the UK – UK
won, but USA also
had interest
 Taliban took over
in 1990s – Bin
Laden in control
 2001 – 9/11 attacks
on the US – go to
war with USA
 2011- Bin Laden
found and killed
Egyptian Revolution
1. Jan. 2011: protest
against poverty,
unemployment,
government corruption
and the rule of president
Hosni Mubarak, who has
been in power for three
decades.
2. Internet, cell service,
schools, stock market –
all shut down.
3. Feb. 2011 – Hosni
resigns – new democratic
elections are in play
The Sudan
 North – desert, Muslim
Arabs
 South – clay plains & a lg
swamp called “The Sudd”,
diff. ethnic groups, practice
animalism or Christianity
 N & S cont. at war since
independence in 1956
 Millions in danger of
starvation
Sudan Today
 George Clooney and the
Enough Project
 Darfur Discrimination
 In July 2011 – Sudan officially
split into North Sudan and
South Sudan
 Future is uncertain – world
maps have not been updated
and most countries do not yet
recognize the split
Libya
 Oil is 99% of exports, imports
2/3 of its food
 Muammar Gaddafi est.
unique form of socialism
that combines with strict
Islam fundamentalism
 Goal: equal distribution
of wealth
 Goal: root out Western
influence
 Banned jeans for men
and any pants or short
skirts for women
Libyan Revolution
 Revolution to
oust Gaddafi
 NATO attacks
Libya (US is a
member of
NATO)
 Oct 2011 –
Gaddafi is killed
 Democratic
elections of a
new Prime
Minister