Transcript Invasions of India File

How did the Muslim Invasions
Change India?
Who were the leaders?
Why did they come to India?
What did they change about India?
INDIA and PAKISTAN exist today
because of these invasions
Why come to India?
THREE ways to access India…
USE THE SILK ROAD OVER LAND or
SEA AS CHINA DID…
OR use the monsoon winds at sea as
the Arabs did…
FINALLY you can travel thru the Hindu Kush Mountains
(easiest way is thru the Khyber Pass)
East of India the Arabs have created an
large empire…
First Conquests
Conquest of Sind 712
Led by Muhammad ibn Qasim
• Arab Muslims conquer the
Indus River region.
• Protect the trade routes
• Muslim rulers are tolerant
of Hindu and Buddhist
natives.
• Tremendous cultural
exchange:
Importance?
“Sind was an important source of both wealth and
ideas for the Islamic world. During the eighth and
early ninth centuries, Indian texts and scholars
added to Arabs' knowledge in areas ranging from
medicine to mathematics and astronomy. Indian
physicians enjoyed a high status in the Islamic
world, and Indian literature and music influenced
Arabian culture. In all those ways, Sind functioned
as the first major contact point between the Indian
and the Islamic worlds.”
Today in Arabic the word for
MATH is
“HINDISAT”
The Ghaznavids
• Mahmud of Ghazna
attacks into Northern
India.
• He is Afghan Muslim
• Less tolerance of Hindu
religion…destroys
temples and people.
• Controls North of
India…the South remains
in Hindu control but
fragmented kingdoms.
The Ghaznavids are raiders more than
true conquerors
Meanwhile, in Southern India the Chola Empire ruled
from the 200’s- 1200’s…a Hindu empire
The Chola Empire
The Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526
• Turkish Muslims
conquer the
Ghaznavids.
• Establish a capital at
Delhi
• Old Delhi (sultanate) v.
New Delhi (modern
capital)
• Center for Indian
culture
Qutb-ud Din Aybak
This slave led the
armies of the Muslims
into India for King
Muhammad Ghori in
1192 and when the
king died Aybak took
over the army and
named himself first
Sultan of Delhi!
Inventions and Exchanges
•
•
•
•
Paper
Spinning wheel
Architecture styles
Musical influences
• BUT lifestyles, customs
and cultures remains
distinct Hindu v. Muslim
Meanwhile the Mongols…
are conquering most of Central Asia to the North. India
is isolated and a refuge. The greatest “scholars,
religious leaders, writers, artisans, and military
personnel strengthened the Delhi sultanate, and under
various rulers, the Delhi court became a center for
Islamic culture and learning. “
ABC-CLIO
A Female Sultan!
• Some colorful rulers of
the Sultanate included a
woman Raziya…
• She gets mixed reviews
– Strong, intelligent and
capable
– Unfeminine, refuses to
acknowledge the
authority of men
1398
• A new Mongol/Muslim
leader emerges.
• Timur (aka Tamarlane)
invades from the north.
• Sacks Delhi and begins
rule over the Sultanate.
• The Delhi Sultanate had
five different dynasties
in 300 years!
Highs and Lows
• By the 1400’s Muslims
and Hindus will
intermarry.
• Adopt each others
dress, music, writings
and legal codes
• Appreciate each other’s
knowledge and culture.
• Some Hindus convert to
Islam
• BUT…Many Muslim
rulers still
• tax Hindus
• Periodically destroy
their temples and
“idols”
• Refuse to let them
participate in
government.
The Demise of Delhi
• It weakens politically
until it is taken over in
1528 by another
Muslim dynasty, the
Mughals.
The Mughals
• Afghan Muslims
• Famous leaders Babur
and Akbar
• 1528-1757
• Contacts with Western
leaders…some of the
first Europeans to arrive
in India come in under
the Mughals
Akbar
• Great religious
tolerance and interest
in learning from all
• This is a painting of him
receiving Jesuits from
Europe.
Consider…
1. From 700-1528 was India…
– Advanced
– Powerful
– Influential
WHY OR WHY NOT?
2.
How do the Muslim invasions
of India change/influence
India?
2.
How does this history explain
why India and Pakistan exist
today?