Transcript 14. The Expansive Realm of Islam

GOOD MORNING
Please take the handout left for you on my
orange chair and wait for further instruction.
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AP Updates
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Today
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Tomorrow
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Chapter 14 Quiz
Wednesday
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Begin Period Three (Expansive Realm of Islam)
COMP Essays Returned
Grading: TBA (ASAP)
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CCI Project
Period Vocabulary
Period Exam
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Chapter 13
The Expansive Realm of Islam
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Muhammad and His Message
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Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca
Orphaned as a child
Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 C.E., works as
merchant
Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and
Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
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Muhammad’s Spiritual
Transformation
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Visions, ca. 610 C.E.
Archangel Gabriel
Monotheism – Allah
Attracts followers in Mecca
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The Quran
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Record of revelations received during visions
Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad
dies 632 C.E.)
Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
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Conflict at Mecca
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Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to
polytheistic pagans
Economic threat to existing religious industry
Denunciation of greed was affront to local
aristocracy
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The Hijra
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Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 C.E.
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Year 0 in Muslim calendar
Organizes followers into communal society
(the umma)
Legal, spiritual code
Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of
umma
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The “Seal of the Prophets”
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Muhammad – the final prophet
Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and
Jesus
Held in high esteem Hebrew scriptures and the
Christian New Testament
Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete
revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan
for the world
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Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
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Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E.
Conversion of Mecca to Islam
Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques
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Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca
Approved as pilgrimage site
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The Ka’ba
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The Five Pillars of Islam
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No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet
Daily prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
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Muslims at Prayer
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Jihad
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“Struggle”
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Against vice
Against ignorance of Islam
“Holy war”
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Against unbelievers who threaten Islam
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Jihad
With your pod, read the primary source and
discuss the questions included. As always,
be prepared to share your responses.
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Islamic Law: The Sharia
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Codification of Islamic law
Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of
analysis
Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human
activity
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The Caliph
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No clear to successor to Muhammad identified
Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph
Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam
after death of Muhammad
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The Expansion of Islam
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Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid
territories
Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory
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The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.
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The Shia
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Disagreements over selection of caliphs
Ali passed over for Abu Bakr
Served as caliph 656-661 C.E., then assassinated
along with most of his followers
Remaining followers organize separate party
called “Shia”
Traditionalists: Sunni
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Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala
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The Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750 C.E.)
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From Meccan merchant class
Brought stability to the Islamic community
Capital: Damascus, Syria
Associated with Arab military aristocracy
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Policy toward Conquered Peoples
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Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes
discontent
Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline
in moral authority
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The Abbasid Dynasty
(750-1258 C.E.)
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Abu al-Abbas, Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, nonArab Muslims
Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.
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Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them
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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
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Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not
exclusively Arab)
Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial
expansion
Content to administer the empire they had
inherited
Dar al-Islam
Growth through military activity of autonomous
Islamic forces
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Abbasid Administration
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Persian influence
Court at Baghdad
Influence of Islamic scholars
Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based
on the Quran and sharia
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Caliph Harun al-Rashid
(786-809 C.E.)
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High point of Abbasid dynasty
Baghdad center of commerce
Great cultural activity
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Baghdad under the Abbasids
With your pod, read the primary source to
learn about life in the early Islamic world.
Discuss the questions included and be prepared
to share your findings with your classmates.
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Abbasid Decline
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Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
Provincial governors assert regional independence
Dissenting sects, heretical movements
Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian
nobility
Later, Saljuq Turks influence; sultan real power
behind the throne
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Economy of the Early Islamic World
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Spread of food and industrial crops
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Western diet adapts to wide variety
New crops adapted to different growing seasons
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Trade routes from India to Spain
Agricultural sciences develop
Cotton, paper industries develop
Major cities emerge
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Hemispheric Trading Zone
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Historical precedent of Arabic trade
Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
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Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, tenth
century
Camel caravans
Maritime trade
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Banking and Trade
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Scale of trade causes banks to develop
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Sakk (“check”)
Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar alIslam promotes trade
Joint ventures common
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Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)
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Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa take
Spain, early eighth century
Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize
Abbasid dynasty
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Formed own caliphate
Tensions, but interrelationship
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Changing Status of Women
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Quran improves status of women
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Outlawed female infanticide
Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
Yet male dominance preserved
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Patrilineal descent
Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden
Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
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Formation of an Islamic Cultural
Tradition
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Islamic values
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Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
Establishment of madrasas
Importance of the hajj
Sufi missionaries
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Asceticism, mysticism
Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
Wide popularity
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Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)
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Major Sufi thinker from Persia
Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of
Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead
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Cultural Influences on Islam
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Persia
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Administration and governance
literature
India
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Mathematics, science, medicine
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“Hindi” numbers
Greece
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Philosophy, especially Aristotle
Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)
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