Transcript file - Interfaith Cultural Organization

History of ISLAM
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Djahiliyya Period
• Society of Mecca (c. 550 CE)
− location on trade route between southern Arabia and
Egypt/Syria
− site of lucrative religious ritual
− the Ka’aba, the Black Stone, and idols of the tribal gods
• –by tradition, Ka’aba stretches back to Abraham and
Ishmael
• Tribal idols of God
• Mecca ruled by the Quraish tribe, descendants of Abraham and
Ishmael
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The Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
• born 571, sufferings from early childhood
• 610, first revelation from angel Gabriel during Ramadan
• 610-619
− first converts; Khadija, Ali, Zaid and Abu Bakr (first among
the “Six Companions”)
• 622, Migration to Medine (The Hegira). Starting date for
Islamic Calendar.
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The Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
•
622 - 630: Medina Years
− sets rituals of prayer and involved with practical problems of
theocratic rule and judgment
•
Conquest of Mecca 628-630, without blood shed.
- Ten year’s truth-Hudaibiyah; exchange of annual pilgrimage
for safety of caravans
•
632, Farewell Pilgrimage at Makkah, The Ka’ba
− At the final preach announced all muslims to be brothers of
each other
− Death of the Prophet
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The Kor’an
• Writing of The Kor’an
− Prophet Muhammad (SAW) dictates revelations; written on
parchment, leather, palm-leaves, bones for deposit
− also memorization and oral recitement
− 633, Caliph Abu Bakr orders Muhammad’s (SAW) chief
amanuensis, Zaid ibn Thabit, to “search out the Kor’an and
bring it together”
− 651, under the rule of Caliph Uthman (Osman) the official
text of the Kor’an is established
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The Period of Four Caliphs
• Abu Bakr (r. 632-634)
• Umar (Omar ibn al-Khattab) (r. 634-644)
• Uthman (Ummayyad clan) (r. 644-656)
• Ali (r. 656-661)
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Expansion of Islam
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The Great Islamic Dynasties
• Ummayad Caliphate (661-750 CE)
• Capital to Damascus, Caliph of God, Hereditary Succession
• Extension of Boundaries, Orderly and Liberal Government
• Hereditary Lottery: Incompetence, Extravagance and
Surrender of Administration
• Abbassid Caliphate (750 - 1058 CE)
• Restoration of Hamishite line; capital to Anbar, then
Baghdad
• Administration of Persians, Establishment of Vizierate
• Inauguration of the Golden Age of Islamic Culture and
Science
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Expansion of Islam
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The Great Islamic Dynasties
• Seljuks (1055-1258 CE)
• 1071, Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt), Byzantine defeated
• Crusades (1096, 1147, 1189)
• 1187, Salahaddin, and battle over Jerusalem
• 1258, Mongols conquer Baghdad and bring end to the
dynasty. Turkish Anatolia fragmented to small principalities
(beyliks), one of them led by Uthman (Osman) later to
become Ottoman Empire
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The Great Islamic Dynasties
• Ottoman Empire (late 13 CE - 1258 CE)
• 1453, Ottomans conquer Constantinopol (Istanbul), and
was set to be the capital
• Development and regularization of Islamic Law,
administration, education, arts and etc.
• 1923, Treaty of Lausanne, brought an end to 600+ year old
Ottoman, and granted international acceptance to the
boundaries of the new Republic of Turkey
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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