Transcript Ulama - Warren County Schools

Introduction
Period of regional Islamic states
Distinctive political and cultural identities
Still part of a larger civilization
Growth of international Islamic community
United by shared norms of communal order
• Maintained by ulama
Influence of Sufism and Shi’ism
Persian cultural renaissance
Invasions of Mongols and Turks
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Sunni Orthopraxy
Ulama were entrenched religious, social and
political elites
Madrasa – college of higher learning
Natural growth as experts came together to
study the Qur’an and Hadith (“tradition”)
Endowed by various rulers in attempt to control
ulama
Support institution for individual teachers
• Gave student individual certification
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Orthopraxy (cont.)
Popular “unofficial” piety
Local pilgrimages to saints’ tombs
Folk celebrations of Muhammad’s birthday
Veneration of Muhammad in poetry
Most Muslims united by shared traditions
Fasting in month of Ramadan
Yearly Meccan pilgrimage
Muslims defined Islam in terms of practice rather
than by beliefs
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Orthopraxy (cont.)
Basic Sunni orthopraxy discouraged religious or
social innovations
Conservative theological orientation
Hanbalites – Ibn Hanbal
Sunni legal school
Narrowed scope for creative doctrinal change
Literalist reading of Qur’an and Hadith
Socially conservative
Ulama and leaders tied to status quo
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Sufi Piety and Organization
Spiritual and mystical dimensions of Islam
Simplicity and humility
Emphasis on godly life over observance of
Muslim duties
Some stressed ascetic avoidance of temptation
Others stressed loving devotion to God
Bridged abyss between human and Divine
Creation of mystical poetry
Very successful missionaries
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Shi’ite Traditions
Crystallized in the tenth to eleventh centuries
Fatamids in Egypt create important empire
Populations in Iran, Iraq and the Sind
Two influential Shi’ite groups
“Seveners” – “Isma’ilis”
• Isma’il – d. 760
“Twelvers”
• Mahdi – “Guided One”
• State religion of the Safavids of Iran sixteenth century
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Islamic Spain
Splendor of Islamic (“Moorish”) culture in Spain
Chanson de Roland
Abd al-Rahman I – r. 756-788
Founded Umayyad Spanish culture at Cordoba
Cordoba
Cultural center for centuries
Medicine, science, literature, intellectual life
Mosque-university
Also growing religious exclusivism
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Islamic North Africa
African reform movements
Almoravids
Berber religious-warrior brotherhood
Pushed into Spain
Persecution of Arabized Christians and Jews
Began last phase of Spanish “Reconquista”
Almohads
Ended Almoravid rule in Morocco
Brilliant revival of Moorish culture
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Fatimids
Shi’ite (Isma’ilis) empire centered in Egypt
Capital at Cairo
Azhar mosque in Cairo
Two splinter groups
Druze
• Lebanon and Syria
Isma’ili Assassins
Fatimids fell to Salah al-Din in 1171
Ayyubid dynasty
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Mamluks
Egyptian heirs to Fatimids and Saladin
Elite Turkish and Mongol slave officers
Victory over Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260
Aybak – r. 1250-1257 – first Mamluk sultan
Baybars – r. 1260-1277
Captured last Crusader fortresses
Expansive conquests
Magnificent architecture in Cairo
Ibn Khaldun – historian and philosopher
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Ghaznavids
Subuktigin – r. 976-997
Established state in Afghanistan
Mahmud of Ghazna – r. 998-1030
Patronage of Persian literature and culture
• al-Biruni – scientist and mathematician
• Firdawsi – d. 1020
• Shahnama – masterpiece of Persian literature
Conquests in northwestern India
Beginning of lasting Muslim presence in India
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Saljuqs
First major Turkish dynasty of Islam
Captured Baghdad in 1055
Tughril Beg – r. 1037-1063
Took title of sultan
Extended Islamic control into Anatolian plateau
Captured Byzantine emperor in 1071
Captured Mecca and Medina from Fatamids
Saljuqs of Rum
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Nizam al-Mulk
Vizier from 1063-1092
Built new roads and caravanserais
First great Sunni madrasas
Accurate calendar reform
Patronized Muhammad al-Ghazzali
• Greatest Muslim religious thinker ever
Patronized Umar Khayyam – d. 1123
• Astronomer, poet – Ruba’iyat
Saljuqs later fell to Khwarizm dynasty
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Mongols
Mongols conquered more territory than anyone
else in history
Khwarizm massacre of Mongol ambassadors
Brought revenge from Genghis Khan
Destroyed entire cities 1219-1222
Transoxiana and Khorasan to the Indus
Hulagu Khan – r. 1256-1265
Grandson of Genghis
Killed 80,000 in Baghdad
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Ilkhanids
Established by Hulagu’s conquest of Persia
Ruled old Persian empire from Azerbaijan
Ruled viceroys (Il-Khans) of Great Khan
Hulagu had conflict with kinsman Berke
Berke ruled Golden Horde
Formal alliance and split of Mongol khanates
Initial religious tolerance
Eventually converted to Islam
Collapsed after 75 years
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Timurids and Turkomans
Timur’s sons ruled Transoxiana, Iran 1405-1494
Shahrukh – r. 1405-1447
Most successful Timurid ruler
United all of Iran for a while
Herat – was Shahrukh’s capital
• Center of Persian culture and Sunni piety
Timurids shared Iran with Turkomans
Both eventually fell to Safavids
New Shi’ite era in Iran
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Tamerlane
Timur-i Lang – r. 1336-1405
Savage raids fueled by sheer conquest
Left behind ruin, disease, chaos
Captured
Iran, Armenia, Caucasus
Mesopotamia, Syria, Central Asia
Northern India, Anatolia
Samarkand – magnificent capital
Last great steppe invasion
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Spread of Islam
Spread of Islam to new areas – 1000-1500
Greece, Balkans, India, Malaysia, Indonesia,
inland West Africa, coastal East Africa
Three foundations of spread and conversion
Sufi orders
Merchants
Conquest
• In many conquered areas the native religious
traditions survived
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Spread of Islam to India
Early Islamic inroads into India
Muslim merchants settled in port cities
Converts to Islam attracted by business
opportunities
Also Islam’s straightforward ideology
Officially egalitarian, “classless” ethic
Sufi orders influential in India
Muslim refugees from Mongol attacks
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Muslim-Hindu Encounters
Very different cultural traditions
First Arab conquerors in Sind in 711 treated Hindus as
“protected peoples”
Just like Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians in other areas of
Islamic expansion
Still – religious tensions
Rajputs – (Kshatriyas) Hindu warrior caste
Chief obstacle to Islamic expansion
Failure to unify led to Muslim domination in the
sixteenth century
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Islamic States and Dynasties
“Slave Sultans of Delhi” – 1206-1290
Series of Turkish-Afghan rulers in north
Delhi sultanate continued until fifteenth century
• Khaljis, Tughluqs, Sayyids, Lodis
Dwindling central authority
Bahmanids – 1347-1527
Important independent Islamic state
Vijayanagar – 1336-1565
Independent Hindu state in south
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Culture and Language
Islam became influential element of Indian culture
Delhi sultans fended off Mongol invasions
Provided basic political and social framework
Ruling class – Muslim minority of Persianized Turks
and Afghans
Urdu-Hindi – emergence of new language
Need for a shared language
Hindi – associated with Indian culture
Urdu – name for Muslim version
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Reciprocal Influences
Muslims susceptible to Hindu influences
But Muslims never swallowed up by Hindu culture like
earlier invaders
Sufi devotion similar to bhakti movements
Theistic mystics in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
Strove to transcend mutual antagonism
Devotion to a God who saves his worshipers without
regards to Hinduism or Islam
Poets and reformers – Ramananda and Kabir
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Hindu and Other Traditions
Remarkably complex traditions – 1000-1500
Jain tradition flourished
Muslim conquests did end Indian Buddhism
Bhakti creativity
Vaishnava Brahman Ramanuja – d. 1137
Reconciled bhakti ideas with Upanishads
Jayadeva
Gita Govinda
Masterpiece of Hindu mystical love poetry
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Southern Indian Traditions
South continued to be center of Hindu cultural,
political, and religious activity
Cholas – 900-1300
Tanjore – capital
Famous school of bronze sculpture
Kingdom of Vijayanagar – 1336-1565
Resisted Muslims longer than anyone
Vijayanagar – lavishly developed city
Center of cult of Shiva
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