Transcript Europe`s Neighbours - The British Empire

Europe’s Neighbours:
Byzantium
and the
Islamic World
Byzantium
• Eastern Roman Empire
– 476AD – 1453AD
• But giving way to growing Muslim Empire
• Orthodox Christian
• Kept Romano-Greek traditions alive
for a thousand years
– Including medicine
– Libraries, Manuscripts
– But little communication with Western
Europe
• Natural treatments still used
• First true Hospitals built
– Private – non-religious
Constantinople
Byzantine Architecture
Fall of Byzantium
• Very sophisticated Culture
– Also very wealthy
• The Rise of Islam
• Crusades
– Originally asked Pope in
Rome for Help against
Muslims
– The Western Christians
turned on rich city of
Constantinople itself
• 1204
• Fatally weakening Empire
• Ottoman Turks conquer
Constantinople
– 1453
The Rise of Islam
• Prophet Mohammed
– 622AD
• Rapid spread of Islam
Arabic Translation of Hippocrates
– Common language of Arabic
• Centres of Islam
– Mecca, Baghdad, Alexandria, Damascus,
Jerusalem, Constantinople
• Cultural Bridge
– Conquers / exposed to many traditions
• eg Greek, Indian, Christian
– Islamic Scholars have access to all of
these translated books in large Arabic
libraries eg in Baghdad
Rapid Spread of Islam
The Koran
• The Koran
– Hygiene very important
• Eg always Wash before prayers
• Even toothbrushes mentioned
– Care for the Sick and Poor
– Respects Learning/Education
• Translates books from all
conquered/neighbouring nations
– Dissections Forbidden
Medical Ideas in the
Islamic World
• Very knowledgeable Doctors
– Well Read
– Classically influenced
• Galen, Hippocrates
– Clinical Observation
– Share ideas across a huge Arabic speaking world
• Ibn Sinna wrote a Million world textbook covering all aspects of
Medicine
– ‘The Canon of Medicine’
» Use for the next 600 years
• But
– Unwilling to criticise Texts
• Koran or Galen
– Theory more important than practice
Important Doctors
• Arabic For Doctor
– Hakeem = Wise Man
– Many doctors were actually
Nestorian Christians
• Al-Rhazes
– identifies Smallpox and Measles
• Ibn an-Nafis
– Identifies that blood moves through
Lungs
• Al-Zahrawi
– Surgeon
• Caesarean Sections
• Cataract Extractions
– Use of Natural Anaesthetic
• Darnel
Islamic
Alchemists
• Trying to make
Gold
• They failed but
they were
accidentally the
first Chemists
– Developed
Scientific
Apparatus
– Could identify,
purify and separate
chemicals
• Eg alcohol
Other Medical Ideas
• Mental Health Treated
– Asylums, Musical treatments attempted
• Dental Health
– Wooden False Teeth used
• Ophthalmology
– Cataracts treated
• Infectious Diseases
– Isolation and Quarantine used
• Hospitals
– Built through charitable donations
– Hygienically maintained
Al-Mansour Hospital
Islamic Ideas come to Europe
• The Crusades
– Illustrated how far Europe had fallen behind the united
and well educated Islamic World
– Source 1 page 74 for evidence
– Islamic doctors were shocked at the poor medical
knowledge and understanding of the Europeans
– Many Crusaders prefer to use Islamic ideas that work
rather than Christian ideas that don’t
• Spain
– An Islamic Kingdom for hundreds of years
• To 1100AD
– Slowly reconquered by Christians
– Large library at Cordoba
• Translated books into Latin
• Many for the first time
• Some retranslated
– Eg Galen and Hippocrates
– Some Errors were noticed
The Alhambra, Spain