Transcript Chapter 22 The Spread of Islam

CHAPTER FOCUS
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SECTION 1
Islam
SECTION 2
The Arab Empire
SECTION 3
Arab Contributions
Terms to Learn
• pillars of faith
• mosque
• imam
• hajj
• alchemists
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People to Know
• Muhammad
• al-Idrisi
• al-Rāzi
• Omar Khayyám
• Ibn Khaldun
Places to Locate
• Makkah
• Madina (Yathrib)
• Damascus
• Baghdad
Islam
• “Islam” is an Arabic word that means “the
act of submitting, or giving oneself over, to
the will of God.”
• An Arab merchant named Muhammad,
who came to be known as the prophet of
Allah, founded the Islamic faith.
• Islam shook the foundations of Byzantium
and Persia, the two most powerful
civilizations of the time.
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Makkah (Mecca)
• By the middle of the 500s, the three major
towns of Yathrib, Ta’ if, and Makkah had
developed in the Hejaz.
• Arab pilgrims, or travelers to a religious
shrine, came there to worship in Arabia’s
holiest shrine, the Ka’bah.
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Muhammad
• In 570, Muhammad was born to a widow of
a respectable clan in Makkah.
• The drinking, gambling, and corruption in
Makkah troubled Muhammad, so he spent
much time alone in a cave outside the
city, thinking and fasting.
• Muhammad concluded that there was
only one God, Allah, the same god as the
God of the Jews and the Christians.
• The rich leaders of Makkah began to feel
threatened and, as a result, started
persecuting Muhammad and his followers.
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Muhammad (cont.)
• Muhammad and several hundred of his
followers fled from Makkah to Yathrib (later
Madina) in 622.
• In Madina, Muhammad gave the people a
government that united them and made
them proud of their new faith.
• But, the people of Makkah invaded
Madina several times.
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Muhammad (cont.)
• In 628, Muhammad signed a peace treaty
with the people of Makkah, which they
violated in 630, leading Muhammad and
his companions to triumphantly enter their
home city, Makkah, for a peaceful
conquest.
• In 632 Muhammad died.
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The Quran
• The Quran is written in Arabic and
describes the pillars of faith, or the five
duties all Muslims must fulfill.
• The first duty is the confession of faith.
• The second duty deals with prayer; some of
which are recited at a mosque and led by a
prayer leader called an imam.
• The third duty has to do with the giving of
zakah, or charity.
• The fourth duty deals with fasting.
• The fifth duty involves a pilgrimage to
Makkah, called the hajj.
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The Arab Empire
• When Muhammad died in 632, a group of
Muslims chose a new leader whom they
called khalifa, or caliph, which means
“successor.”
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs
• The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s
father-in-law and close friend.
• As the next caliphs ruled from Madina and
kept in close touch with the people, they
were called the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs honored
Muhammad’s wish to carry Islam to other
peoples and sent warriors into Palestine,
Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa.
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs (cont.)
• Throughout all these places, the Arabs were
victorious because Islam united them in
striving for a common goal, which they
considered holy.
• The Arab way of treating the people they
conquered also contributed to their
success.
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The Umayyads
• Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law and the last of
the Rightly Guided Caliphs, was killed
in 661.
• The new caliph moved the capital from
Madina to Damascus and founded the
Umayyad Dynasty.
• The Umayyads ruled more like kings than
religious leaders.
• However, the Umayyads had social and
economic troubles that, in the end, led to
their downfall.
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The Umayyads (cont.)
• The Muslims themselves divided into two
groups, the Shi’ah and the Sunni.
• After a while, war broke out between the
Umayyads and a group of Muslims called
Abbasids.
• In 750, the Abbasids defeated the
Umayyads and became the new rulers of
the Arab Empire.
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The Abbasids
• The Abbasids ruled the Arab Empire from
750 to 1258; their first 100 years was known
as the Golden Age of Islam.
• Under the Abbasids, all that remained of
Arab influence was the Arabic language
and the Islamic religion.
• The Abbasids created the government
post of vizier, or chief adviser between
the throne and the people.
• The Abbasids made Baghdad one of the
major trading centers of the world.
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The Abbasids (cont.)
• Life in the empire changed as advanced
farming methods were employed.
• The empire soon became too large for
one caliph, and it began to break up into
independent kingdoms.
• In 836, the caliph moved to a new capital
city called Samarra.
• In 945, the Persians took control of
Baghdad.
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The Golden Age of Muslim Spain
• The Muslim Arabs who conquered North
Africa intermarried with the Berbers and
became known as Moors.
• In 710, they invaded Spain, defeated the
West Goths, who had taken the country
from the Romans, and set up a kingdom
that allowed religious freedom.
• For the next 400 years, a rich culture
flourished in Spain.
• During this time, Jews traveled to and
traded in every part of the Arab Empire
and beyond.
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Islamic Life
• Islam was born in a society where men
could have unlimited numbers of wives
and the killing of female children was
common.
• Islam attempted to correct this situation.
• Both men and women were obligated to
seek knowledge.
• Reciting and memorizing the Quran was
an important requirement in education.
• The mosques served as neighborhood
schools.
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Arab Contributions
• Between the 770s and the 1300s, Arab
scholars helped preserve much of the
learning of the ancient world and made many
other contributions to the modern world.
• Many Arab scientists, known as
alchemists, tried to turn base metals,
such as tin, iron, and lead, into gold
and silver.
• Arab astronomers studied the heavens,
named stars, described solar eclipses,
and proved the moon’s effects on tides
and the oceans.
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Arab Contributions (cont.)
• The astronomer-geographer al-ldrisi drew
the first accurate map of the world.
• Arab mathematicians invented algebra and
borrowed the numerals 0-9 from Gupta
mathematicians.
• The Arabs gave much to the field of
medicine, setting up the world’s first school
of pharmacy, opening the world’s first
drugstores, and organizing medical clinics.
• The Persian doctor al-Razi discovered
differences between measles and smallpox.
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Arab Contributions (cont.)
• The Arabs also made many contributions to
the arts.
• The Persian poet Omar Khayyám’s
Rubáiyát is considered one of the finest
poems ever written.
• Islamic art is distinct and full of color.
• Much of what is known about this time
comes from Arabs, such as Ibn Khaldun,
who wrote down the history of Islam.
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