Transcript Development of Islam

Islam
Arabian Peninsula--between
Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian
Desert)
 Bedouins—nomadic herders
 Tribes—Everyone obeys
rules=survival

 Blood
feuds
 Mecca —important trading city
 Kaaba (housed statues of
many Arab gods)
Muhammad
 Born in Mecca 570 AD
 HONEST caravan leader
 Married wealthy widow
 Devoted time to reflecting on life
610—Muhammad had revelations
 Allah (Arabic word for God) told
Muhammad to “Recite!”
–Warned against idol worship &
sin
–Allah was one true god

 Wealthy
merchants feared
Islam would stop tourism to
Kaaba & threaten profit

Mecca’s merchants threatened
Muslims

622—Muhammad & Muslims fled
from Mecca to Yathrib—Hijrah
(flight)
City’s name changed to Medina
 622—beginning of Muslim
calendar

 624—Medina
Compact
–place loyalty
to Islamic
community
over tribe
 630—Muhammad
invaded
Mecca
 Muhammad destroyed idols in
the Kaaba
 Qur’an
(Koran) which means
“recital” is the Muslim holy
book
–Conversations between
Muhammad & angel Gabriel

Qur’an Moral Values:
– Honor their parents
– Kindness to neighbors
– Protect orphans & widows
– Give generously to the poor
– Murder, stealing, and lying, and adultery
are condemned
– Gambling, eating pork, & drinking
alcohol are NOT ALLOWED
– The Quran also has rules for divorce &
marriage
5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
1.) Faith
– belief in Allah— 1 true God
2.) Prayer
– 5 times a day facing Mecca—
sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset,
& evening (mosques have
minarets, towers, where people
made call to prayer)
3.) Fasting
– Occurs during month of Ramadan—
9th month in the Muslim calendar
4.) Alms giving
– Charity
5.) Pilgrimage
– Trip to Mecca
– Called a hajj
Halal



Word means lawful
Refers to foods that are OK for
Muslims to eat
Similar to Jewish “kosher” food
Mammals that both chew their cud and have cloven hooves can
be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the
camel, the hyrax and the hare because they have no cloven
hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are
specifically excluded (Leviticus 11:3–8)
Caliphs=Muhammad’s
successors
 632: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s
old friend) 1st caliph
 634: Umar
–Added Iraq, Syria, Jerusalem,
& Egypt

What is jihad?
 Struggle

for Islam
God said to His Prophet, 'Do not obey
the kafireen (those who reject the
truth) but wage jihad with it (the
Qur'an) against them. [25:52]'"


644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in law &
cousin) lost caliph to Umayyad clan
– Umayyad killed & Ali became
caliph
CIVIL WAR
– Ali’s forces vs. Umayyads
– Ali KILLED & Mu’awiya made
caliph starting Umayyad Dynasty
Sunni
Shiite (Shi’a)
 Majority of
 Mostly in Iraq &
world’s Muslims
Iran
 Caliph can be
 Caliph should be
any devout
descendant of
Muslim
Muhammad
accepted by the
people
Umayyad Dynasty
 661
- 750
 Carried Islam into India,
China, North Africa, & Spain
 Built Dome of the Rock
 Muslims
pushed into
France
 Battle of Tours 732
stopped spread of Islam
into Western Europe
 747—non-Arab
Muslims & Shiites
overthrew Umayyads
Abbasid Dynasty
750 - 1258
 Capital in Baghdad
House of Wisdom
 Library
 Greek & Indian texts
translated into Arabic

 1055—Baghdad
captured by Seljuk
Turks
 1100s—Christian
soldiers (crusaders)
from Europe in Holy
War
 1258—Mongols
invaded Baghdad &
ended Abbasid Dynasty
 Ottoman Turks help
Arabs
Family Life
 Men could have up to 4
wives
–Wives treated equally
 Women could only go out to
mosque or market
Mathematics
 Adopted Indian
numbers, calling them
Arabic numerals
 Algebra
Astronomy & Geography
 Astrolabe
 Outlined map of Asia,
Europe, & North Africa
Medicine
 Al-Razi—diagnosed
smallpox & measles
 Ibn Sina wrote Canon of
Medicine medical
encyclopedia
 Optics (study of sight)
Art
 Arabic script to
decorate mosques
 Geometric designs,
leaves, flowers
Literature
Arabian
Nights “The
Thousand and One
Nights”