Transcript Chapter 14 - Islam - Short

The Muslim World
Origin of Islam
• Islam began in the city of Mecca
on the Arabian Peninsula
• Mecca was an important city for
trade
Muhammad
• Muhammad was a Meccan merchant
• He married a wealthy woman named
Khadija
• At the age of 40, Muhammad was given a
revelation by the Archangel Gabriel
• Muhammad taught that Allah was the one
and only god and that all other gods
should be abandoned
The Hijra
• Muhammad’s teachings were very
controversial in the city of Mecca
because it rivaled the traditional gods
of Mecca that brought in money from
pilgrims
• He and several of his followers fled
north to Medina (Yathrib) in order to
have asylum
Five Pillars
1. Faith – Allah is the one, true god
2. Prayer – Five times daily, facing Mecca
3. Alms, All Muslims give money to help out
those unfortunate in the community
(poor, orphans, injured, etc…)
4. Fasting during the holy month of
Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca
After Muhammad
• Muhammad died in 632.
– He named no successor or instructions on
how to pick his successor.
• Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph.
– Caliph means “successor”.
– To save the Islamic Faith, he invoked the
jihad.
Growth of Islam
• Caliph means ‘deputy’ (leader)
• First four Caliphs carried out the
Religious and Political leadership of
Muhammad (Rightly Guided Caliphs)
• These Caliphs helped to spread the
Islamic faith and rapidly create a
powerful Empire
Umayyad Rule
• 656 – Uthman was murdered. This started a civil
war.
• Ali – the 4th Rightly Guided Caliph – was the natural
choice as a successor to Uthman.
– Ali was Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law.
• Muawiya, a governor from Syria, challenged Ali’s
right to rule.
• 661 – Ali was assassinated.
• The Umayyads took control.
• Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus.
• Eventually neglected duties as ruler and focused on
a life of luxury.
Umayyad Rule
• After the Fourth Caliph was assassinated,
the Caliph structure crumbled and a
powerful Arabian family overtook the
positions of leadership within Islam
• They were called the Umayyad and they
caused a rift in the Islamic faithful
Sunni-Shi’a split
• Shi’a split from the majority of Muslims
because they believe that Ali (fourth
caliph) was the proper ruler because he
was Muhammad’s descendant and that
only his ancestors could rule as Caliph
• Sunni, the majority of Muslims, believed
that one need only be a devout Muslim to
lead
Fill in the following chart:
BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUNNI & SHI’A MUSLIMS
Abbasid Rule
• Moved the capital to Baghdad in 762
• Peak of power
• The Abbasids, and Islam, was the center
of all of the major trade routes in the world
at that time (Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade
route, and Trans-Saharan)
Muslim Culture
• Four basic social classes
– Muslims by birth
– Converts to Islam
– “Protected peoples” Jews, Christians and
Zoroastrians
– Slaves
Muslim Culture
• Muslim women enjoyed more economic
and property rights than Chinese,
European, and Indian women
• Women had access to education as well
• However, women still were not completely
free and still had to live within a society
that expected them to submit to men
Vital Vocabulary
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Mosque
Umma
Ulama
Al-Andalus
Fatimid
Qur’an
Sharia
Arabic Calligraphy
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Mecca
Yathrib
Damascus
Baghdad
Umayyad
Caliph
Abbasid
Sunni
Shia