Transcript Chapter 19 Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

Chapter 19
Southwest Asia & Indian Ocean
1500-1750
Ottoman Empire, to 1750
Expansion & Frontiers
• Founder- Osman-1300
NW Anatolia
• Expanded throughout
16th century
• Fought w/ Venice for
control of Mediterranean
• Forced Venice to pay
tribute-allowed them to
trade
• Ottomans defended
nearby Muslim ports but
not non-Ottoman
merchants in Indian
Ocean
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Expansion of Ottoman Empire,
16th century
Ottoman Empire: The Military
• Originally, nomadic
(Mongol) mounted
warriors armed with
bows
• Janissaries were
captured Balkan
Christian men on foot
w/guns
Ottoman Empire Society
• Devshirme were
Christian boys taken
by force from their
families, converted to
Islam, trained &
enrolled in one of the
four royal institutions:
the Palace, the
Scribes, the Religious
& the Military
Ottoman Society
• Cosmopolitan
• Askeri-Osmanlispeaking, tax-exempt
military class served
sultan as soldiers &
bureaucrats
• The Raya– Christians, Jews,
Muslims
Suleiman the Magnificent
• Defeated Safavids on
land
• Defeated at sea by
combined Christian
forces at battle of
Lepanto in1571
• Turkish cavalry paid
in land grants
• Janissaries paid from
the treasury
Military State, 1585-1650
• Expense of Janissaries
increased
• Importance of landholding
Turkish cavalry
decreased
• New World silver caused
inflation-undermined
purchasing power for
fixed income people like
military & students at the
madrasas
Military Crisis
• Financial deterioration
• Short-term mercenaries
brought rebellion &
banditry to Anatolia
• Janissaries began to
marry, went into business
• Janissary corps
increased in number but
declined in military
readiness
Economic Change & Growing Weakness
1650-1750
• Sultan & heirs secluded
in palace
• Become weak & lazy
• Government run by chief
administrators
• Government corruption
• Devshirme discontinued
• Janissaries became
politically powerful
hereditary elite
– spent more time on crafts &
trade than on military
training
Economic Change & Growing Weakness
1650-1750
• Civil Strife
• Land grants for military
service replaced by tax
farming
• Rural administration
became dependent on
powerful provincial
governors & wealthy tax
farmers
• Oppressed peasants
flee or rebel
• Janissaries block
military reform
– Lose ground to European
rivals
Economic Change & Growing Weakness
1650-1750
• Trade declined
• Europeans began to
dominate Ottoman
maritime import/export
trade
• Did not control
strategic ports or
establish colonial
settlements on
Ottoman territory
The Safavid Empire
1502-1722
• Ismail, declared
himself Shah of Iran
in 1502
• Brutally forced
everyone to adopt
Shi’ite Islam
• Caused severe
conflict w/ Sunni
neighbors
Society & Religion
• theocracy
• very different from
Sunni neighbors
• Shah, viewed as semidivine
• direct descendant from
prophet Muhammad
Society & Religion
• Sufi rituals
• Iranian culture
supported concept of
“Hidden Imam” &
emotional annual
commemoration of
martyrdom of Imam
Husayn-Muhammad’s
grandson
Shrine of Iman Husayn in Karbala, Iraq
Society & Religion
• Islam
continued to
provide
universal
tradition, but
local
understandings
of Islam
differed
A pair of turquoise-tiled minarets, flank the entrance to the Masjid-i-Sháh
(King's Mosque) in the city of Esfahan, Iran. Building commenced in 1612,
on the orders of Shah Abbas I,
The Blue Mosque
• The Blue Mosque (or Sultan
Ahmet Mosque) in Istanbul
was built between 1609-1616
by Mehmet Aga for Sultan
Ahmet I
• Modelled after two other great
religious buildings of Istanbul –
Hagia Sophia & the
Suleimaniye Mosque – it is
known as the Blue Mosque
because of the mostly blue &
green tile work & painting of its
interior