Transcript Powerpoint

Lecture 24: Anti-Terrorism of
Southeast Asia
16th April 2003 (Wednesday)
Structure of Lecture 24:
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Introduction to Southeast Asia and Islam
Southeast Asian Response to 911
The Bali Night Club Terrorist Attack (The “1012
Incident”)
The Australian Dream and the Iraqi War
Conclusion:
 The Four Interpretations of Southeast Asian
Terrorism
PART I
Introduction to Southeast Asia
and Islam
Universal Vs Regional Religions
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Universal Religion:
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A Religion Aims at Converting the
Whole World with a set of
Universal Values
e.g. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Regional Religion:
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A Religion Exclusively Belonging to
a Certain Region/ Ethnic Group
Concept of the “Chosen Citizens
by God”
e.g. Judaism, Shitoism
Islam as a Universal Religion
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Misconception:
 Islam = Middle East = Radical?!
Muslims in Places Outside the
Middle East
 Muslims in China (Huizu) and the
Meaning of its Chinese
Translation
 Muslims in Southeast Asia
 Muslims in the West (Gilles
Kepel, Allah in the West,
Stanford University Press, 1997)
The Roles of Religion in the
Southeast Asian History
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Islam from Middle East to
Southeast Asia (1400AD)
Religion as a Unifying Tool
against External Threat
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Islam and Roman Catholicism
SE Asia Vs Imperialism
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Philippine Vs Spain and USA
Indonesia Vs Netherlands
Malaysia and Singapore Vs
Britain
Independence of
Southeast Asia
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Independence of the
Philippines as a Secular
Republic (1946)
Independence of Indonesia
as an Islamic Republic
(1949)
Independence of Malaysia
as a Federal Nation (1957)
Independence of Singapore
as an Authoritarian
Republic (1963)
Correlation between State
Religion and Terrorism?
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Southeast Asia: the “Second Front of AntiTerrorism”
Catholic
Nil
Islam
Support for US’s Anti-Terrorism
PART II
Southeast Asian Response
towards 911
The Internal Dilemma
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To Side with USA:
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Pros: An External Helper
against Local Islamic
Fundamentalism as a Rival to
the Regime
Cons: Losing Islamic Support
Locally
To Side against USA:
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Pros: Gaining Islamic Support
Locally
Cons: Islamic Fundamentalism
Challenging the Regime
The External Dilemma
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Side with USA:
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Pros: Become an American
Protectorate against Other External
Threats
Cons: National Interests Tie Hand-inhand with the American Interests;
Antagonizing anti-American countries;
Sacrificing National Sovereignty to
USA
Side against USA:
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Pros: Retaining International
independence; Maintaining Strategic
Importance in the World
Cons: Possibly the Next Target of
Anti-terrorism (Bush Doctrine II)
The Choice of
the Philippines
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The Philippines as a Catholic
Country
The Profile of the Post-Ferdinand
Marcos Philippines
President Gloria Arroyo
American-Philippine Alliance
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Philippines as an Ex-American
Colony
American army Stationed at Manila
Whole-hearted Support of Antiterrorism
The Choice of the Philippines (II)
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Motivations:
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Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic
Liberation Front) – as a
Separatist Threat instead of
a Terrorist Threat
Philippines in the Economic
Hierarchy of Southeast Asia
“Yes Mom Diplomacy” – the
Diplomacy of Filipino Maids
and the Iraqi War
The Choice of Malaysia
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Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad
Malaysia as a Neglected Economic
Dragon?
Malaysia’s Odd Disappearance in the
Anti-Terror Coalition (together with Iran,
Iraq and North Korea)
Concerns:
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Less Separatist/ Terrorist Threats than the
Philippines/ Indonesia
“Western Conspiracy” against Mahathir in
the Asian Financial Crisis – the Suharto
Precedence
Use “Anti-Terrorism” as an Excuse to
Strengthen the Dictatorial Rule of Mahathir
The Choice of Indonesia
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Significance as the Most Populated
Islamic Country of the World
President Megawati Sukarnoputri
The Megawati Trip to Washington after
911
Internal Anti-American Protests
Concerns:
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Separatism after the Independence of East
Timor
Radical Islam as a Political Competitor
Importance of Readmittance into the
International Community after ex-President
Mohamed Suharto
PART III
The Bali Night Club
Terrorist Attack
(12th October 2002)
“1012” after “911”
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Target: Western Tourist-oriented
Night Club at Bali Island,
Indonesia
Death: 216 (!)
 The Hong Kong Rugby Team
Western Media: “the wake-up call”
 Wake-up call for Southeast
Asia Anti-Terrorism
 Wake-up call for USA to
Further its Anti-Terrorist
Effort …
Message of the
“Second Front of Terrorism”
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Analyzing the Target – The
“Proxy Attack”
Regional Second Front:
Southeast Asia Vs Middle
East/ “Homeland”
Psychological Second
Front: Entertainment
Business/ Tourism Vs
Financial Business
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The Lang Kwai Fong Mania
 Ability of USA to Fight
Two-front/ Multi-front Wars
in the Future?
Southeast Asian Radical Muslims
and Al-Qaeda?
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Suspect of the Bali Bombing:
 Jemaah Islamiah (JI, Islamic Prayer Group)
 Spiritual Leader: Priest Abu Bakar Bashir
Islamic Fundamentalist in the Philippines:
 Abu Sayyaf
 Leader: Al Haj Murad
Their Linkages to Al-Qaeda and Laden:
 Afghanistan as the Social Club of “Future
Terrorists” in the 1980s
 The Provision of Monetary Funds by Al-Qaeda
 In Exchange for the Provision of Shelters by
Southeast Asian Terrorists
 The Common Religious Agenda
The Pan-Islamic Country Proposal,
Southeast Asia Version?
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The Supposed “Proposal of Jemmah Islamiah”—
Indonesia
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The Philippines
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North/South Division between Catholicism and Islam
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Incorporation of the South
Malaysia
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From Moderate Islam to Radical Islam
A Step-stone to “Convert” Australia
From Federal Union to Islamic Federal Union
 a Great Economic Union
 a Settlement of Territorial Disputes
 a Great Islamic Nation in Southeast Asia!
 a Strong Alliance to the United Middle East!
Southeast Asia Vs
Middle East
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The Cohabitation of Christianity
with Islam
The Introduction of Democracy to
Authoritarianism
The Complexity of Ethnic Conflict
The Encirclement of Superpower
Candidates
 Are Islamic Radicals Possible
to Player Larger Roles in the
Region?
Assigned Readings
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Main Text: Amitav Acharya:
“State-society Relations: Asian
and World Order after September
11” (B&D P.194-204)
Supplementary Text: BBC
News: In Depth Bali
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_d
epth/asia_pacific/2002/bali
PART IV
The Australian Dream
The Three Alignments in the
Australian History (20th Century)
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Australia as a Hardcore Commonwealth
Member (1900-1945)
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Australia as a Second-class American ally
(1945-1991)
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Minor Member in the Pan-Anglo-Saxon Alliance
Australia as a Self-proclaimed Leader of the
Booming Asian-Pacific Region (1991-2001)
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Number 3 Power in the Anglophone
Number 1 Power in “Australasia”?
The Post-911 World Order?
John Howard’s Pre-911 Excitement
in the East Timor Crisis (1999)
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Australia as the Major Source of
United Nations Peace-keeping
Force in Indonesia (1999)
Australia behind the
Independence of East Timor
Willingness of East Timor to
Become an Australian
“Protectorate”
John Howard as the Guardian of
East Timor Democracy 
“Godfather of Peace of
Southeast Asia”
“Operation Enduring Freedom”
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Alliance of Traditional
American Allies in
Southeast Asia after 911
Australia, New Zealand,
Japan, South Korea,
Thailand, Philippines,
Singapore, Taiwan
An Encirclement of Whom?
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Indonesia, Malaysia,
Vietnam, China…
John Howard’s
Post-911 Excitement
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Australian Investigation of the
Bali Attack
Australia as the “Big Three” in
the War against Iraq (USA,
Britain, Australia)
DREAM:
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To Merge the Accented American
Power after 911 with its AsianPacific Agenda
The “United States” of the AsiaPacific Region
The American Custodian of the
Southeast Asian World Order
George W Bush on Howard:
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“With Global Visions; Can
really Foresee the Danger
of Terrorism”;
“A Very Close Friend of
Mine”;
“One of the Very Few
People that I will Listen to
his Opinions”;
…
PART V Conclusion –
The Four Interpretations of
Southeast Asian Terrorism
Identifying the Nature of the
“Terrorist Attacks”
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Separatism?
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Universalism?
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Ache of Indonesia; Moros of the
Philippines …
Radical Islam and the Islamic
Nation Proposal …
Anti-totalitarianism?
“Global Terrorism”?
Democracy and Terrorism
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Lack of Democracy = Warming-bed of Terrorism?
Authoritarian States = States “Containing" the
Opposition by Pressure
Democratic States = States Incorporating the
Opposition in Open Elections and Power Sharing
Terrorism = One of the Different Measures Used
by Suppressed Opposition to Challenge against
the Incumbent Government
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Only the Opposition Lobbies in Authoritarian States
are “Suppressed“
 Symbiotic Relationship between Terrorism and
Opposition Lobby in Authoritarian States Only
Authoritarianism =
Less Effective Anti-Terrorism?
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War of Anti-Terrorism of
Authoritarian States
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= War of Anti-Opposition
= “War against Freedom”
War of Anti-Terrorism of
Democratic States
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= War Fighting on Behalf of
the Whole Nation against an
External Enemy
Who are the Gainers of Labeling
“Global Terrorists” Worldwide?
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Defining the Attacks as
Separatism/ Universalism/ AntiTotalitarianism:
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Still within the Domain of Domestic
Politics
Terrorism, in Capital Letter…
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Out of Scope of Domestic Politics
 Providing Legitimate Rationales
for Other Countries to Intervene
 Increasing Possibilities to
Create/ Reinstate New Regional
Hegemons (e.g. Australia, India…)
~~The End~~
Thank you for attending