Transcript PPT 18.3 - Hudson City Schools

New Successes and Challenges 18.3


Attorney General – RFK wants SNCC to focus on
voter registration to change the South
Voter Education Project (1962)
 Founded by SNCC, CORE, and other groups
 Opponents use terror/violence to discourage
people
 Still a success! (1962 – 1.4 million registered
goes up to 1.9 by 1964)
 Mississippi still a problem
 24th Amendment
Freedom Summer - 1964
 Push
1) to register
blacks in the
south to vote & 2)
strengthen Miss.
Freedom Dem.
Party (answer to
pro-white
Democratic Party).
 3 volunteers
executed…
The MFDP gets Snubbed
1964 Democratic
Convention, MFDP
leader Fannie Lou
Hamer sought to
represent Miss and
was denied.
 Dem Party offers to
seat some but not
all. MFDP & Miss.
Dems walk out over
compromise.

Selma, Alabama
1965
 SCLC
pushes Gov.
to fulfill promises
of 1964 legislation
 “Bloody Sunday”
march to force US
gov. to create
extended voting
rights
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (& more)
Banned Literacy Tests
and let Fed. Gov.
oversee registration
and elections.
 Poll Taxes eliminated in
1964’s 24th Amendment
 Baker v Carr eliminates
racial “gerrymandering”
 Reynolds vs.
Sims(1964) – one
person, one vote

Packing &
Cracking
Watts Riots – 1965 (“Burn, Baby,
Burn”)
Things Turn Ugly - 1967
 Anger
and
Frustration of
slow pace of
change…
 RIOTS!!! Watts
in LA & many
northern cities
 Fed Troops
mobilized
The Kerner Commission, 1967
 LBJ
created to find
causes of riots
 Long term racial
discrimination and
poverty seen as
the causes, DUH!!!
Black Muslims – Nation of Islam
Elijah Muhammad
X Elijah Muhammad was the leader
of the mostly Black political and
religious group The Nation Of
Islam.
 His teachings, often perceived as
racist, preached complete
separation from Whites in
society.
 He often expressed the idea the
Blacks were the first people to
rule the world and that the
Whites tricked them out of
power and oppressed them.
 Young Malcolm X developed his
adept speaking skills and
political ideas under the
direction of Elijah Muhammad.
Nation Of Islam
X The Nation Of Islam
(NOI) was an activist
group that believed that
most African slaves
were originally Muslim.
X The NOI urged African
Americans to reconvert
to Islam in effort to
restore the heritage that was stolen from them.
X The NOI wanted to create a second Black
nation within the United States.
X The “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the
rejection of his slave name.
Pilgrimage to Mecca
X In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca,
Malcolm discovered that orthodox Muslims
preach equality among races.
X Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing
distrust with the NOI, caused him to desert his
argument that all Whites are the devil.
X Malcolm X never abandoned his theory that
Racism had destroyed the nation and that only
Blacks could free themselves.
X In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black
Muslim at a New York City rally.
The Movement Takes a Turn

Malcolm X & the
Nation of Islam
 Preached radical
separation of the
Races, 2
Americas as the
solution
 X later killed by
N.O.I. for
moderating views
Black Power!
Black Power - 1966
Black Power is a term that emphasizes racial
pride and the desire for African Americans to
achieve equality.
The term promotes the creation of Black political
and social institutions.
The term was popularized by Stokely Carmichael
during The Civil Rights Movement.
Many SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee) members were becoming critical of
leaders that articulated non-violent responses to
racism.
Stokely
Carmichael
Black Panther Party
Black Panther Party
U.S. African American Militant group.
Founded in 1966 in Oakland.
Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.
Believed violent revolution was the only
way to receive freedom.
Urged African Americans to arm
themselves.
The Violent Panthers
In the late 60’s party
leaders got involved in
violent confrontations
with the police.
 The results was death
on both sides.
Huey Newton was tried
in 1967 for killing a
police officer.
Black Panther activist
Bobby Seale, was a
member of the Chicago
Eight.
 A group of eight
people who disrupted
the 1968 Democratic
convention.
The Death of a King and an Era
 1968
– MLK
gunned down
The Movement Cont.

Poor People’s Campaign

Ralph Abernathy

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Fair Housing Act

Court Ordered Busing
Forced Busing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZttGPA
B2aXQ
De Facto Segregation
(Economic)
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Twinsburg – 87% White, 9% Black
Hudson – 95% White, 1% Black
Akron – 67% White, 29% Black
Shaker Heights – 60% White, 35% Black
Cleveland – 41% White, 51% Black

All figures according to 2000 census.
Affirmative Action

What was it intended to do?

What was the result?
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Was it successful?
New Black Power
John Lewis
Andrew Young