Transcript Kagan10ech06 - Rowan County Schools

Chapter 6
Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:
Creating a New European Society
and Culture (476–1000)
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Germanic Migrations
“Invasion” preceded by centuries of RomanGermanic coexistence
Ended with influx of Visigoths, starting 376,
pushed by Huns from Asia
Visigoths reached southern Gaul, Spain
Vandals gained control of northwest Africa and
western Mediterranean
Burgundians settled in Gaul
Franks settled in north-central Gaul
Angles & Saxons in England
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Barbarian Rule
410—Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome
452—Attila the Hun invades Italy
455—Vandals sack Rome
476—Traditional end of Roman Empire
when barbarian Odovacer deposes last
Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus
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Barbarian Rule (cont.)
Barbarians saturate Western empire by end
of 5th century
Roman and Germanic cultures mix, Roman
more influential
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, & Vandals entered
West as Arian Christians
Franks of Gaul convert to Catholic (Roman)
Christianity around 500, others to follow
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Byzantine Empire (324–1453)
Periods:
Construction of Constantinople in 324 to start
of Arab expansion and spread of Islam in
632—(greatest political & cultural
achievements)
632 to conquest of Asia Minor by Seljuk Turks
in 1071 (or, fall of Constantinople to Western
Crusaders in 1204)
1071/1204 to fall of Constantinople to Ottoman
Turks in 1453
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Byzantine Empire under Justinian
(r. 527–565)
Co-ruled absolutely with wife Theodora
Constantinople: pop. 350,000, largest city, crossroads of
Asia & Europe
Centralized government: “one God, one empire, one
religion”
Law reform: four-volume Corpus Juris Civilis (“body of
civil law”)—used as a model through the Renaissance
Church of Hagia Sophia—Justinian’s most famous
monument
Briefly recaptured North Africa, Italy, southern Spain
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Byzantine Christianity
A.k.a. Eastern Orthodoxy
Missionaries (later saints) Cyril &
Methodius create Greek-based alphabet for
Slavs of the Balkans—Cyrillic
 Old Church Slavonic—international
Slavic language through which Byzantine
Christianity spread in Eastern Europe
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Islam
Muhammad (570–632)
Marriage to wealthy widow in Mecca at 25
Religious epiphany at 40—God’s word recited to him
by angel Gabriel
Revelations collected by followers into Islamic holy
book, the Qur’an (“a reciting”), 650–651
Summons all Arabs to submit to God’s will
• Muslim = submissive, surrendering
• Islam = submission
Muhammad, “the Prophet,” believed to be last of God’s
prophets
Driven from Mecca, 622, returned with an army and
conquered, 624
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Islamic Divisions
7th c. disputes:
Line of succession to Muhammad (caliphate)
Doctrinal issues of inclusivity
Shi’a: backers of caliph Ali; developed theology
of martyrdom; embattled minority in mainstream
Islam
Sunnis (followers of sunna, “tradition”): majority
centrist; loyalty to Islamic community above all
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Islamic Empires
Muslims attacked fatigued Byzantine & Persian
empires, overrunning Persia by 651
By 750, Muslim Empire stretched from Spain
through North Africa & Arabia to India
Halted in Western Europe by Charles Martel at
Poitiers in 732
Capital moved from Mecca to Damascus, then to
Baghdad in 750
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Western Society and Christianity
5th & 6th c. decline
7th c.: Byzantine Empire occupied with Islamic threat,
leaving most of the West to Franks & Lombards
Western culture forming from Greco-Roman, JudeoChristian, and barbarian heritages
Decline of temporal powers matched by rise of Christian
church
Church government modeled on Roman administration:
centralized & hierarchical
Cathedral became center of urban life, local bishop highest
authority, with pope in Rome filling vacuum left by
departed Roman emperors
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Monastic Culture
Monks growing in number & respect
With rise of Church, monasticism replaces
martyrdom as highest tribute
Life of chastity, poverty, obedience
Hermit monasticism followed by communal
monasticism—rise of monasteries
Benedict of Nursia
Founder of Benedictine order, 529
Monks Christianized England & Germany
Rule for Monasteries
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Papal Primacy
Early state control of church in East & West
(Emperor Constantine)
Supplanted by doctrine of papal primacy:
raised Roman pope to position of
supremacy in the church
Title pontifex maximus: “supreme priest”
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Religious Division of
Christendom
Differences between East & West:
Nature of the Trinity
Place of images in worship—Iconoclasm
Eastern emperors’ claims to both secular & religious
sovereignty—Caesaropapism
Also: Eastern church denied existence of Purgatory,
allowed divorce, permitted priests (but not bishops) to
marry, and conducted services in the local language
(vs. Latin or Greek)
Schism of 1054—pope & patriarch
excommunicate each other
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Kingdom of the Franks
Frankish Merovingian dynasty established under
Clovis (ca. 466–511) in Gaul
Franks occupied modern France, Belgium,
Netherlands, western Germany
Beginning of most persistent medieval political
problem: central rule versus local power
Carolingian dynasty supplants Merovingian, 751,
under Pepin the Short
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Frankish Church
Church dependent on Frankish protection
against East and Lombards
Carolingian policy under Charles Martel (d.
741): convert the conquered to Roman
Christianity
755: Franks defeat Lombards, giving pope
lands around Rome, creating the Papal
States
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Charlemagne (r. 768–814)
Son of Pepin the Short; continued policy of
protecting Rome & conquering land in the north
774, defeated Lombards in northern Italy &
assumed title “King of the Lombards”
Saxons subjugated, Christianized, eastern Avars
destroyed
Muslims driven beyond Pyrenees
Kingdom of Charlemagne ultimately covered
modern France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland,
western Germany, northern Italy, part of Spain, &
Corsica
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Charlemagne (cont.)
Desired to be “universal emperor” of a Frankish Christian
empire
Constructed palace city at Aachen, imitating ancient
Roman & contemporary Eastern courts
Used church to promote social stability & order
Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800; began what
came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire—considered
revival of old Roman Empire, based in Germany after 870
Governed through about 250 counts who maintained local
armies, collected dues, & administered justice through
local law court or mallus; problem of loyalty
Missi domenici: royal envoys sent to oversee counts;
marginally effective
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Carolingian Renaissance
& Decline
Europe’s best scholars brought to Aachen to
develop culture & education; also improve
imperial administration
Alcuin of York (735–804): Anglo-Saxon
director of palace school; brought classical
& Christian learning in schools run by
monks
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Breakup of the Carolingian
Empire
Weakness of empire was regionalism; local counts look to
self-interest
Louis the Pious (r. 814–840): problem of dividing empire
among his sons
Treaty of Verdun, 843: Carolingian Empire divided
among warring sons
West (France): Charles the Bald
Middle: Lothar (Lotharingia)
East (Germany): Louis the German
Middle kingdom split again at Lothar’s death, inciting
conflict between eastern & western kingdoms (Germany &
France) that continued into modern times
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims
New External Threats
Vikings
Magyars
Muslims
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Feudal Society
Middle Ages: chronic absence of effective central
government, constant threat of famine, disease,
invasion; weaker sought protection of stronger
Feudal society: social, political, military,
economic system that arose from these conditions
Society dominated by warlords
Vassals: men promising service to more powerful
men in exchange for protection; developed into
professional military class (knights)
Terms: fealty, fief, scutage
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Daily Life & Religion
Manor: village farm, center of rural agrarian economy,
tended by peasant tenant farmers
Demesne: the part of the land tended for the lord of the
manor; usu. 1/4 to 1/3 of the land
Peasants: freemen or serfs; paid various dues in kind to
lord
Three-field system of crop rotation: summer crops in one
field, winter crops in next field, third field fallow
Vassal could swear fealty to more than one lord: problem
of loyalty
“Liege lord”: one to whom loyalty is owed above all others
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.