Transcript Islam - Quia

Islam
World History
SOL WHI.8a,b,c,d
Essential Questions
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Where did the Islamic religion originate?
Where did the Islamic religion spread?
What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs
of Islam?
How did geography influence the rapid
expansion of area under Muslim control?
What were some contributions of Islamic
civilization?
Essential Questions
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How did political and cultural geography
facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early
Islamic lands?
 What were some major historical turning
points that marked the spread and influence
of Islamic civilization?
 How did Islamic civilization preserve and
extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian
learning?
Origins of Islam
Islam was founded by the prophet
Muhammad, who was born in 570 c.e.
and started preaching when he was 40
years old.
 Muhammad lived in Mecca, a town on
the Arabian Peninsula. He was a
member of a bedouin tribe and married
a wealthy merchant woman.
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Origins of Islam
The Arabian Peninsula had few cities,
and most people were nomadic herders
who raised goats and sheep.
 The people were organized in tribes and
fought often in blood feuds.
 The level of material culture in this area
was low. There was little art or
architecture.
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Origins of Islam
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When Muhammad started preaching he had
a loyal but small band of followers. Other
tribes in Mecca were afraid of his growing
power and threatened to kill him.
 Muhammad and his family moved to Medina.
He united the tribes in Medina and converted
most people to Islam.
 When he returned to Mecca he was accepted
as the leader and the Kaaba was converted
into a sacred place of worship.
Origins of Islam
After Muhammad’s death the united
bedouin tribes swept out of the Arabian
Peninsula and conquered the Persian
Empire and parts of the Byzantine
Empire.
 In less than 100 years they controlled all
of North Africa, the Middle East, and
parts of Spain.
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Beliefs of Islam
Followers of Islam believe that
Muhammed was a prophet of God
(Allah) like Abraham, Moses, and Noah.
They also believe Jesus was a prophet
of God, however, they do not believe
that he was the son of God.
 Islam is a monotheistic religion.
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Beliefs of Islam
The five pillars or central teachings of Islam are:
A.
A statement of faith (There is one God, Allah is his
name, and Muhammad is his prophet)
B.
Prayer (five times a day in the direction of Mecca)
C. Charity
D. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime
(called the Hajj)
E.
Fasting (during the month of Ramadan)
Islam
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The teachings of Muhammad were collected
into a book called the Koran.
 Muslims worship in buildings called mosques.
It is forbidden to make pictures or statues of
Allah or Muhammad so most mosques are
decorated with ornate tile work or passages
from the Koran in Arabic calligraphy.
The Kaaba, the holiest site in the religion of Islam.
Once a year Muslims make a pilgrimage to the Kaaba
known as the Hajj.
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the third holiest site in
the religion of Islam.
Map showing the spread of Islam from the Arabian
Peninsula. Notice the battle of Tours in France.
Another map showing spread of Islam. Notice the
Byzantine Empire in modern day Turkey. Although
Muslim armies took their North African possessions
they managed to fight the Muslims off in Turkey.
Spread of Islam into Central Asia and Southeast Asia.
Islam was spread into Southeast Asia by traders and
wandering mystics known as sufis.
Spread of Islam
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At first, Islam spread along trade routes from
Mecca and Medina.
 Conquering armies spread Islam when
Muhammad died. They were able to conquer
the Persian Empire and Byzantine Empire
because the Byzantines and Persians were
weak and had fought each other for many
years.
 Islam spread despite long distances, deserts,
mountains, and even oceans.
Spread of Islam
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When Muslim armies first conquered areas
outside of the Arabian Peninsula they made
no effort to convert people. In fact, they didn’t
want to convert people because true
believers split the loot taken in battle.
 They allowed other religions such as Judaism
and Christianity to peacefully coexist as long
as they paid a higher tax.
 Many people converted of their own free will.
Spread of Islam
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Muslim armies did take slaves but slavery in
the Muslim world was not based on race.
Usually, only wealthy families owned slaves.
 The Arabic language became a unifying
factor, although later many court officials
spoke Persian.
 The political unity of the Muslim world lasted
a short time. Sections of North Africa and
Spain broke off into separate caliphates.
Important Events
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632 - Muhammad dies and his close friend Abu
Bakr is appointed Caliph.
634 - Muslim armies take Damascus. Later,
Damascus becomes the capital of the Umayyad
Dynasty until it is replaced by the Abbasid
Dynasty in 750.
638 - Muslim armies take Jerusalem.
661 - Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law is
assassinated and the Muslim community splits
into Sunni and Shia branches.
Important Events
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732 - Muslim armies cross the Pyrenees in
Europe but are defeated by Charles Martel at
the battle of Tours. Christian Europe is
saved.
 750 - Umayyad Dynasty replaced by Abbasid
Dynasty. Capital moved to Baghdad and the
golden age of Islam begins.
 1258 - Baghdad is looted and sacked by the
Mongols.
Contributions of Islam
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Architecture - Muslim architects adapted the
domes and arches of Byzantine buildings to
new uses. They converted Byzantine
churches to mosques and built original
mosques and minarets with domed roofs.
 Mosaics - The Quran forbids depictions of
Muhammad or Allah. Muslim artists
decorated mosques with intricate colored tiles
known as mosaics.
Mosaic on a mosque
Mosaic on a
mosque
Contributions of Islam
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Arabic alphabet - The Arabic alphabet is
used to write Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.
Although the script existed before the
life of Muhammad there are very few
pre-Islamic examples remaining. The
bedouin tribes continued to memorize
the Quran and important myths and
stories.
Contributions of Islam
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Universities - Boys and girls were provided
with elementary education. Many large cities
such as Baghdad, Cordoba, Cairo, and
Timbuktu had universities with large libraries.
These universities attracted well paid
scholars.
 Scholars in these libraries also translated
ancient Greek and Roman texts into Arabic.
Later, they added their own original ideas
onto these scholarly traditions.
Contributions of Islam
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Arabic numerals (adapted from India,
including zero)
 Algebra
 Medicine - Doctors and pharmacists had to
pass a government test before they could
practice. Public hospitals and baths were
common.
 Expansion of geographic knowledge (new
and revised maps)