Transcript Islam-Submission to Allah

IslamAn Abrahamic
Religion
 Muslims are strict monotheists.
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They believe in the JudeoChristian God, which they call
Allah.
Muslims believe that the Torah
and the Bible, like the Qur’an,
are the word of God.
Peoples of the Book
Abraham’s Genealogy
HAGAR
ABRAHAM
Ishmael
12 Arabian
Tribes
SARAH
Isaac
Jacob
12 Tribes of
Israel
Esau
The Prophetic
Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
The Origins of the
Qur’an
Muhammad – Founder of Islam, once a
wealthy Meccan merchant.
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Received his first
revelation from the angel
Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
622  Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina
after he called for Arabs to abandon their
pagan idols and worship god.
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 Meccan
merchants feared he would kill
their business and therefore threatened to
kill Muhammad instead.
* The beginning of the
Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
• Muhammad converted many in
Medina, raising an army of loyal
Muslim followers.
• 630 – After defeating the Meccan
merchants, Muhammad returned
to Mecca triumphantly.
• Began building an Islamic empire.
• 632 – Muhammad dies without
naming a successor.
Leadership After Muhammad
• Caliph
– Leader of a Community of Muslims.
• Shiite
– Muslims who believe that Muhammad
named his son-in-law Ali to be his
successor. Therefore all Caliphs
must descend from Ali.
• Sunni
– Muslims who believe that any good
Muslim can be a Caliph.
The Qur’an
 Muslims believe it contains the
word of God.

114 suras (chapters).
Written
in Arabic.
1. The Shahada
 The declaration of faith:
There is no god worthy of
worship except God (Allah), and
Muhammad is His
Messenger [or Prophet].
2. The Salat
 The mandatory prayers
performed 5 times a day:
* dawn
* noon
* late afternoon
* sunset
* before going to bed
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Wash before praying.
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Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
2. The Salat
 The call to prayer is given by
the muezzin from the minaret.
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Pray in the mosque on Friday.
3. The Zakat
 Almsgiving (charitable
donations).
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Muslims believe that all things
belong to God.
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Zakat means both “purification”
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About 2.5% of your income.
and “growth.”
4. The Sawm
 Fasting during the holy month
of Ramadan.
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Considered a method of selfpurification.
No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during
Ramadan.
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5. The Hajj
 The pilgrimage to Mecca.
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Must be done at least once in a
Muslim’s lifetime.
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2-3 million Muslims make the
pilgrimage
every
year.
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5. The Hajj
 Those who complete the
pilgrimage can add the title
hajji to their name.
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The Dar al-Islam
The World
of Islam
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The Mosque
 The Muslim place of worship.
The Dome of the Rock
Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rock
where Muhammad ascended into heaven.
Believed to be the rock where Abraham
was going to sacrifice his son Isaac.
The Kaaba
• Most holy temple in Islam.
– Muhammad believed it had been built
by Abraham to worship God.
– Once had been filled with pagan idols.
Muhammad cleared it upon his return
to Mecca.
– Muslims pray towards the Kaaba and
take the Hajj to pray at the Kaaba.
Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once.
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No alcohol or pork.
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No gambling.
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Sharia law  body of Islamic law
to regulate daily living.
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Three holiest cities in Islam:
* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.
Essential Question:
Why was Islam
able to spread so
quickly and convert
so many to the
new religion?
The Spread of Islam
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Easy to learn and practice.
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No priesthood.
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Teaches equality.
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Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of
the Book,” were allowed religious
freedom, but paid additional taxes.
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Easily “portable”  nomads & trade
routes.
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Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans
and other non-believers (“infidels”).
Countries with the
Largest Muslim
Population
1. Indonesia
183,000,000
6. Iran
62,000,000
2. Pakistan
134,000,000
7. Egypt
59,000,000
3. India
121,000,000
8. Nigeria
53,000,000
4. Bangladesh
114,000,000
9. Algeria
31,000,000
10. Morocco
29,000,000
5. Turkey
66,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total
Muslim population of the world.
Muslims in the World
Today
The Mongols and
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Kublai Khan
(Grandson of Genghis)
The Pax Mongolica
(Mongol Peace)
• Under Mongol control, trade
flourished throughout Eurasia.
• The old trade networks were revived
and travel through these networks
was considered to be very safe.
Marco Polo
How did Marco Polo’s journey
help inspire Europeans to think
Globally?
• Marco Polo’s accounts of his adventures
through Eurasia, revealed how advanced
and luxurious the east had become.
These accounts aroused Europeans
curiosity about the east and created a
desire for the luxuries he had described.
The Gunpowder Empires
(~1450-1650)
Gunpowder Empires
Empires which arose in
Islamic Eurasia, which possessed
new technology (cannons,
muskets, etc.) which helped them
control large and diverse empires
with a powerful central
government.
3 Main Gunpowder Empires
• The Ottoman Empire
• The Safavid Empire
• The Mughal (Moghal) Empire
The Ottomans
• Turkish nomadic people from Central
Asia (like the Seljuk Turks).
• Expanded through Asia Minor.
• 1453 – Used cannons to blast holes in
Constantinople’s defenses and
captured it, renaming it Istanbul.
The Janizaries
The Ottoman Empire
• The Ottomans established an empire which
would last off and on through World War I
(1918).
• Adopted Sunni Islam as their religious an
government (Sharia law) organization.
• Very tolerant of the many religious groups
within their empire. (Jews, Christians, etc.)
• Controlled the link between European and
Asian trade.
The Safavid Empire
(Early 1500’s – 1722)
• Controlled much of the old Persian
empire. (modern day Iran)
• Sandwiched between the other two
Gunpowder empires.
• Also Muslim, but Shiites.
• Led to conflicts between them and their
Ottoman Sunni neighbors.
Controlled the highly demanded
silk trade.
• Non tolerance of other religions led
to rebellions which would
eventually end the Safavid empire.
• However, Iran is still a strongly
Shiite controlled nation.
The Mughal Empire
(1526-1857)
• Modern day India, Pakistan, and
parts of Afghanistan.
• Muslim armies had moved into the
Indus Valley in AD 711.
• Established Muslim Sultanates.
(Sultans are Muslim rulers)
Muslim and Hindus Clash
• Obvious differences between Hindus
and Muslims led to religious clashes.
• However, many Hindus converted to
Islam to escape the caste system.
• 1526 – Muslim Mongol and Turkish
armies moved in and established the
Mughal Empire. (Mughal = Persian
for Mongol).
• Mughal leaders now controlled the
lucrative and important Indian trade.
1947 - Pakistan is created due to tensions
between Muslims and Hindus. 1971 Civil War
turns east Pakistan into Bangladesh.
Overarching Question??
• How did the establishment of the
Islamic Gunpowder Empires effect
Europeans?
– These new and powerful empires
controlled all of the key overland trade
routes from Asia to Europe.
• The Ottomans controlled the ends of the
routes.
• The Safavids controlled the Silk road and thus
the Silk trade.
• The Mughals controlled the important Indian
trade.