Transcript Arab 650 CE – 1800 CE

By: Kevin Vohra, Omar Mahmoud, Avi Ahuja
A Map of the Arabic World
A map of Islam in the Arabic World.
Global map of Islam
A Map
of
Islam
in the
Arabic
World
The Arabic version of One
Thousand and One Nights
The Arabic Alphabet.
The Qur'an was the
one of the first major
works of Arabic
literature and one of
the most influential.
Detail of the "Baptistère de SaintLouis."
Tin-glazed lust
ware was
popular in
Spain.
Pyxis of al-Mughira, Madinat
al-Zahra, 968, today in the
Louvre.
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670- Arabs make Damascus as the capital of
Umayyad capital which made it the center of
the Middle East.
674- On the Temple Mount in Jerusalem the
Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim
Shrine
700- Non-Arabs are now allowed to convert
to Islam and the reason is because there is a
depletion in Muslim armies
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711- Muslim Arabs go to Spain from North
Africa making the Visigoths from Toledo leave
their area.
720- The Arabs conquer Narbonne
725- The Arabs conquer Carcassonne
732- Muslim advance to France is stopped
when Charles Martel (Charles “The Hammer”)
defeats the Arabs at the battle of Tours.
737- Provence is captured by the Arabs
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750- Abbasids attack the Umayyad's in the
Demascus and they form a new caliphate
751- The Arabs score a key victory at the Talas
River against the Chinese
752- The Franks get rid of the Arabs in
Provence
756- Last member of the Umayyad Dynasty
flees back to Spain
762- Abbasid caliph creates Baghdad as the
new capital
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800- Arab merchants travel to China.
822- Abd al Raham II becomes Arab emir of
Spain and starts working on the Alcazar of
Sevilla
827- Arab Tribe called Saracens invade Sicily
878- Arabs take over Italy and make Parlemo
their capital
880- Egypt is taken by the Turks and the
Abbasids are kicked out
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910- Ubaydullah who is a descendent of Ali
and Fatima conquers Tunisia and forms the
Fatamid dynasty
912- Abd Rahaman III who is the ruler of
Spain declares Spain independent
973- Fatamids move their capital to Cairo
1031- Umayyad caliphate falls and Muslim
Spain splits into Taifa Kingdoms
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1092- Hasan ibn al-Sabbah dies and Seliuq
empire becomes independent kingdoms in
Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia
1144- Edessa is taken over by the Muslims
1301- Osman founds the Ottoman dynasty
1326- Ottomans take Bursa as their capital
1393- Ottomans conquer Constantinople
under Bayazid I.
1413- Temur empires collapse and the
Ottomans take back their old territory
1465- There is an Arab riot and they massacre more than
1,000 Jews
 1526- Hungary Empire is defeated by the Ottomans and is
partitioned between by Ottomans and Hapsburgs
 1665- Sabbatai Sevi is forced to convert to Islam by
Ottomans even though he is seen as the Messiah by the Jews
in Palestine
 1682- Beginning of 100 year war between Ottomans and
Hapsburgs
 1729- First book published in Ottoman empire which is also
the first book every published in Muslim empire
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Spain
Politics
After Spain was defeated in the early 8th century, Muslim Caliphates ruled the land. The
Islamic army gained control of the Iberian peninsula; however, could not extend through
France. The Umayyad Empire rose in power in the 8th century. The Umayyad Caliphate ruled
the land as well.
Innovation
Muslims contributed to various fields of science in is Spain throughout the 8th and 9th
century. Muslim migrates spoke Arabic, but on the other hand inhabitants would speak
Spanish, Portuguese and French; however, when the inhabitants converted to Islam, they
changed to the Arabic language as well.
Religion
Muslim control over Spain in the 8th century allowed them with tolerance over the Jewish
and Christian faith along with its followers. Many Spaniards converted to Islam after
witnessing this behavior. Over 700 mosques have been built throughout Spain by the 10th
century. By the 11th century, Christian groups retaliated against Muslim leaders because of
the threats they posted towards them.
Arts & Architecture
Under Muslim control in Spain, art was patronized because of the variety of cultures
portrayed in the style. Architecture was also improved greatly. Marble was used to build the
palaces, libraries, and mosques in Spain. Luxury items such as boxes designed of ivory,
statues representing intricate figures and animals, as well as silks were some of the goods
manufactured in Spain during this period.
Technology
Libraries emerged in Cordoba. Manuscripts were used for recording events, politics, and
society. Public baths and the invention of the street light emerged in the 10th century in
Cordoba. The use of Marble, stucco, ivory, and onyx also emerged in Spain which allowed in
the engineering of buildings, libraries, homes, monuments, and mosques.
Economy
Spain’s economy was trade based, moreover, it was enhanced with the manufacturing of
goods and products as well as the production of techniques during the 8th century. Muslims
taxed Christians and Jews which resulted in more wealth for the Muslim region. Although s
Spain collapsed, Muslims still worked and lived in Spain because of their support to the
economy.
Society
The great city of Cordoba was established by Muslims in the early 8th century and by the 10th
century exceeded a population of 500,000 people. During the 11th century, Christian groups
evolved that rebelled against Islamic rulers which resulted in tension. Muslims held power up
to the 13 century, but then lost power; however, Christians allowed Muslims to live and
contribute to their society but they were faced with segregation and discrimination as a result
North Africa
Political
The Fatimid dynasty ruled Northern Africa as well as portions of Egypt during
this time period. The Fatimid’s rule over Northern declined after they began to
become dependent on mercenaries. Military system was based on Kutama
Berber tribesmen who aided with the conquest over Egypt.
Innovation
Jewelry such as rings, pendants, earrings, and necklaces made of gold were
worn. Islamic golden age bought several advancements in literature, law,
philosophy, science, and even sociology.
Religion
During the late 600s CE Islam came to Africa specifically in Egypt and later
spread rapidly throughout Northern Africa. About a hundred years later, almost
the entire population of North Africa was converted to Islam. The leaders of the
Fatimid Caliphate (dominated Northern Africa) were Shiite Muslims.
Arts & Architecture
Religious architecture was introduced to Northern Africa along with the
emergence of the monotheistic religion of Islam. Religious monuments such as
mosques and madrasas became prominent in Northern Africa. Music became an
important tradition in early Northern Africa especially with the drums. They
would be played in Islamic centers and play Islamic religious music.
Technology
Islamic golden age bought several useful technological advancements such as
agricultural tools. Navigation was also improved upon during this period to aid
with traveling and trade.
Economy
The economy of Northern Africa is consumed by mostly trade and agriculture,
similar to other regions in Africa. Northern Africa’s geographical location proves
worthy for trade, having access to mainland trade as well as sea trade.
Society
The Caliph is the highest class in society and is not only identified as the
emperor, but also as the Imam or religious leader. There was a secondary or
middle class of merchants and commoners. The third or lowest social class was
made up of the slaves.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Political
There are various African kingdoms; however, each has similar characteristics in their
kinships. Ritual isolation is an important similarity among the kinships. Kinships were also
similar considering age groupings, division, gender roles, and occupational groupings.
Kinships were not hierarchical as well.
Innovation
Great traditions or cultural heritages shared among educated elites within different regions
were prominent at this time in sub-Saharan Africa. Small traditions or a set of customs and
beliefs shared by a single society, similar to great traditions. Cultivation by using a hoe and a
digging stick was a popular technique in sub-Saharan Africa’s agriculture.
Religion
Islam spread through Africa and eventually to the sub-Saharan region. The monotheistic
religion became the prominent religion in sub-Saharan Africa within a few hundred years of
the prophet Muhammad’s death.
Arts & Architecture
Nubian art has been observed in sub-Saharan Africa as well as art from Nok, a Nigerian
culture. Music and playing instruments became prominent as well. Features such as the
rhythm of the music made African music so distinct. Music also played an important role in
social rituals. For example, people would wear artistic masks and dance to music.
Technology
Although iron was not invented during this time it was adopted, however. Iron was used to
make agricultural tools to aid with agriculture.
Economy
Sub-Saharan economy is rich from agriculture as well as trade. Agriculture provides a large
income for the region. Sub-Saharan trade also occupies a large portion of the income of the
region.
Society
Cultural unity rests in similar characteristics shared by cultures such in other words small
traditions. Performed social rituals. There are distinct classes in society: Kings and nobles,
commoners, and slaves. Each class had different rights and roles in society.
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The spread of Islam had various impacts on North Africa and Spain; however, both
resulted in Islamic Caliphates and leaders taking control as well as the spread of Arabic
culture throughout both regions. Muslims had control in Spain during the 8th century which
allowed them to practice their faith freely, and over time allowed them to gain religious
tolerance over Christians and Jews. Islam was introduced to Africa during the 600s and
rapidly spread through Northern Africa and after a few centuries later, Almost the entire
population of Northern Africa was converted to Islam. In North Africa, the leader or
Caliphate was also Muslim (Shiite).
Islam allowed for Arabic culture to spread throughout both regions and beyond. In
Spain as Muslims rose to power, they could freely spread their culture throughout Spain.
Several hundreds of Mosques were built by the 10th century along with numerous
madrasas or Islamic schools and Libraries. Islamic art and architecture was also portrayed
under their rule over Spain. In North Africa as Islam spread through Africa so did Arabic
culture. The Islamic golden age also bought advancements in literature, law, philosophy,
science, and sociology. Arabic culture dominated North Africa. For example, music was
introduced specifically in the drums. Although both Spain and North Africa were different
regions, Arabic culture managed to spread rapidly throughout both regions along with the
spread of Islam.
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At the beginning the Arabs are starting to set up their areas
and conquer more land while spreading their religion of
Islam
Most of Spain is captured by the Spain's and when they try
to go deeper into the middle of Europe they kept on getting
kicked out.
The different Empires start to be broken up into and other
new empires like the Ottomans rise up into power.
Not really much change in how the Ottomans take power
mostly by force and conquering
Islam is mainly spread in the middle east and North Africa
and these regions have heavy concentrations of Muslims
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The development of Arab media today was between the
ideological wars between capitalism and communism.
The Arabic language can now be classified into three distinct
groups: Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and
Colloquial language.
Classical Arabic is language of the Qur’an and this is only
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used for religious purposes. MSA is a version of the classical
language but it has been influenced by foreign languages.
This is used as the universal language of the Arab world.
Colloquial language varies from each country.
The majority of Arabs in the world are Muslims.
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The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communites,
groups, and cultures.
 Today Sunni Islam dominated most of North Africa. Shia
Islam is dominant in southern Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon.
 The Arabic language has various dialects. These vary
between the countries.
 Most Muslims don’t speak Arabic. Instead they only know a
few fixed phrases for Islamic prayer.
 Iraq is the only democracy in the Arab World.
 Arabic literature is produced in prose and poetry by speakers
of the Arabic language.
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Kevin Vohra: Pictures and Uses in the Modern
World.
Avi Ahuja: Chronology and Change Over
Time.
Omar Mahmoud: PIRATES and Comparison.