Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션 - DePaul Geography

Southwest Asia and North Africa
Introduction
 Rich
cultural legacy
 Agricultural
revolution
 Urban civilization
 Petroleum
industry
 68%
of world’s oil reserves
 OPEC
 Political
 Islamic
issues
fundamentalism
Aleppo, Syria
Environmental Geography
Mostly composed of deserts and uplands
Maghreb
Levant

Deserts: Sahara, Libyan, Nubian

Uplands: Arabian Peninsula, Anatolian Plateau, Iranian Plateau
Lowlands: Tigris-Euphrates River, Nile River

Salinization
 How?
Extensive irrigation + arid climates
 Salt
accumulation in topsoil
 Lower crop yields, and land abandonment
 Where?
Iraq, central Iran, Egypt, and irrigated Maghreb
Water management

Qanat system
Tapping into groundwater through tunnel
 Iran  Arabian Peninsula, and North Africa

Water management

Aswan High Dam (1970)

Benefits
Year-round cropping
 Hydroelectricity


Detriments:
Salinization
 Schistosomiasis
 Damages fishing industry
near the Nile Delta

Fish catches between 1962 and 1992
Hydropolitics

What?
Interplay of water resource issues and politics

Where?
Nile River

Sudan  Egypt
Tigris-Euphrates River

Turkey  Iraq, Syria
Jordan River

Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria
Population and Settlement
 More
than 400 million
 Highest physiological densities
 Tie between water and life
 Population cluster
 North Africa
 The
Nile Valley, and Maghreb region
 Southwest Asia
 Highlands,
and better-watered shores of the Mediterranean
Rural settlement patterns
 What
is the most important indicator of rural
settlement?
water
Rural settlement patterns

Home to early form of agriculture

1. Domestication



10,000 years ago
Wheat, barley, cattle, sheep, goats
2. Fertile Crescent


Early agricultural activity (5,000 years ago)
Lebanon, Syria, northern Iraq, and eastern Turkey
Rural settlement patterns

Reflects interrelationship between water and life

1. Pastoral nomadism
In the drier portions of the region, inadequate moisture make
permanent settlement impossible
 Seasonal movement of livestock from place to place


2. Oasis settlement

Tightly clustered permanent settlement
Rural settlement patterns

3. Irrigated agriculture along exotic rivers

Exotic rivers
Transport water from distant, more humid lands into drier regions
 eg. Nile, Tigris, Euphrates


Irrigated collective farming


eg. Kibbutzes
4. Dryland agriculture
Depends on seasonal moisture to support farming
 Practiced on the Mediterranean climate regions

Urban settlement patterns

What shaped the urban landscapes?

Trades
Political system
Religion


Colonialism
Globalization
Cities as centers of political authority
 3500
BC Mesopotamia
 3000 BC Egypt
 Temples, palaces, tombs, and public buildings
Cities as trading centers
 2000
BC the shores of the eastern Mediterranean
 Beirut
 Port
(Lebanon), Damascus (Syria)
facilities, warehouse districts, and commercial
thoroughfares
Cities as religious centers
 Islam
(622)
 8th century Baghdad, Cairo
 Walled urban core
(medina), bazaar
colonialism
 Added
another layer of urban landscape features
 Late 19th century North Africa
 Algiers
(French), Cairo (British)
globalization
 Since
1950 added to
traditional urban centers
 High-rise
apartment houses,
and sprawling squatter
settlements
Cairo, Egypt
globalization
 Since
1970 oil-rich
states of the Persian
Gulf
 Modern
Western urban
design, futuristic
architecture, and new
transportation
infrastructure
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Coexistence of old and new
Fes, Morocco
Migration patterns

Rural-to-urban shift


Migration within the region


Saudi Arabian: 18% (1950)  83% (2000)
To oil-rich states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE
Migration between the region

Job
Turkish  Germany
 Algerian, Moroccan  France


Political forces
Lebanese, Iranian  western Europe,
North America
 Jewish  Israel

Cultural Coherence and Diversity
Religion
 Which
religion has originated in Southwest Asia?
Judaism
(4000 years ago)
Christianity
Islam
(622)
(2000 years ago)
Geographies of religion
 Judaism
BC 2000
Mesopotamia to Canaan
AD 70
Jewish Diaspora
 Christianity
 Outgrowth
of Judaism
 Emerged 2000 years ago near Israel
1948
Jew’s return to Israel
Geographies of religion
 Islam
 Originated
in Makkah (or Mecca) in AD 622
 Follows Quran (or Koran)
 Divided into Shiites and Sunnis
 Diffused to Persia (656), North Africa & Iberian
Peninsula (750), Central/South Asia, and Southeast
Asia
Diffusion of Islam
Modern religions
Geographies of language

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic language
Arabic
 Hebrew



Berber language
Indo-European

Indo-Iranian language
Persian
 Kurdish


Altaic

Turkish language
Geopolitical Framework
Colonial legacy
 When?
 Late
arrival because of Turkish Ottoman Empire
 Began after WWI (1918)
 Ended by the 1950s
Colonial power - France
 Maghreb
 Algeria
(1830s)
 Tunisia (1881)
 Morocco (1912)
 After
WWI
 Syria
(1918)
 Lebanon (1918)
Colonial power - Great Britain
 British
Protectorate before 1900
 Kuwait,
 Suez
Canal (1869)
 Egypt
 After
Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, and Aden
(1882), Sudan (1896)
WWI
 Palestine, Transjordan,
Iraq
 So
which countries have NOT been occupied by
European powers?

Turkey

Saudi Arabia
Decolonization and independence
 North Africa
 Egypt,
Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco (1950s)
 Algeria (1962)
 Southwest Asia
 Iraq
(1932), Lebanon (1946), Syria (1946), etc…
while containing the cultural seeds of its later trouble
Arab-Israeli conflict
Arab-Israeli conflict
 “Intifada”
(1987)
 Demonstration,
led by Palestinian, against the rule of
Israel in Gaza Strip and the West Bank
 Agreements
 Potential
between the PLO and Israel (1990s)
control of the ruling Palestinian Authority (PA)
in the Gaza Strip and West Bank
Islamic fundamentalism
 Khomeni
took power in Iran (1979)
 “Rule the country by the Islamic law”
 Sudan (1989)
 Algeria (1992~)
 Egypt, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia…
Conflicts within states
 Lebanon
(1975-95)
 Discord
among Christian and Muslim communities
 Spillover of Arab-Israeli conflict
 Iraq
 South:
Shiites
 North: Kurds
 Cyprus
 Northern
third: Islamic Turkish
 South: Greek Orthodox
Conflicts between states
Sahara  Morocco (late 1970s)
 Libya  Israel, Western Europe, U.S…. (1969~)
 Sudan  Egypt (1995)
 Iran-Iraq war (1980-88)
 Persian Gulf war (1990-91)
 Western
Geopolitical issues
 What

is the destablizing force after WWII?
Creation of Israel
Rise
Cold
of Islamic fundamentalism
war (eg. Libya)
Ethnic
differences (eg. Kurds)
Political/religious
divide (eg. Sudan, Labanon)
Relations with the U.S.

Strong allies
Israel, and Turkey

Strongly opposed
Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya

Ambiguous relations
Saudi Arabia
Economic and Social Development
The geography of fossil fuels
The geography of fossil fuels
The geography of fossil fuels
Regional economic patterns
 Higher-income
 Saudi Arabia,
 Lowe-income
 Algeria,
Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and UAE
oil exporters
Libya, Iraq, and Iran
 Prospering
 Israel,
oil exporters
without oil
Turkey, Tunisia, and Cyprus
Regional patterns of poverty

Sudan


Civil war
Morocco
Berber communities
 Brain drain


Egypt


Population growth
Yemen

Civil unrest
The role of women
 Is
major social issues
 Lowest
female labor participation rates
 Large gap between male and female literacy
 But
is changing
 Iran
 Libya
 Israel
Connections with global economy
 Oil
economy
 Influences
oil price
 Outflow of capital
 Economic
integration
 E.U., AFTA,
Union of the Arab Maghreb
 Role of Saudi Arabia
 Tourism
 Ancient
historical sites; significant religious localities
The geography of tourism