Transcript Chapter 10 Test Review - Ms. Mullikin's Royals

The World of Islam
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What do all Muslims believe about
Muhammed as a prophet?
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What is the name of the holy city for Muslims?
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He was the last and final prophet of Allah.
Mecca, located in Saudi Arabia
What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? How do they
help Muslims submit to the will of Allah?
Faith; Prayer; Alms; Fasting; Pilgrimage
 It reminds them that Allah is God, & that
Muhammed is his prophet. At the same time, they
serve their community, specifically to the poor.
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What is the Hijrah? Why is it important?
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It was from this that Muhammed was accepted as a
political leader in Medina.
What two religions did Muslims refer to as
“people of the book”?
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Jews and Christians
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How was Mecca important in the development of
Islam?
It was the city where Muhammed was born, & is the site
of the Ka’aba – an ancient house of worship that was the
destination of pilgrims.
 It was where Muhammed began to preach publicly after
hearing the voice of the angel Gabriel.
 Some time after he was ousted from Mecca, Muhammed
marched back to Mecca with a large following (Hijrah).
He was then accepted and turned the Ka’aba into a place
of worship for Allah. Muslims still make that pilgrimage
today.
 Muslims still pray toward the direction of Mecca today.
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Why did the Abbasids use bureaucracy when
they were in power of the Muslim empire?
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Which caliphate took over after the last of the
“rightly guided” caliphs?
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It kept the vast and large empire organized and
easier to control.
The Umayyads
What is the difference between Sunni and Shi’a
Muslims in regards to caliphs?
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Sunni believe as long as you follow Muhammed’s
example, you may be a caliph. Shi’ites believe that
you must be a descendant of Muhammed to be a
caliph.
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How were the conquered peoples treated by
Muslims?
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The people were allowed to continue practicing their
religion; however, they were not allowed to spread
it.
The people had to pay a poll tax each year.
Why were the “rightly guided” caliphs given
this name?
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They based their leadership on Muhammed’s
teachings.
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What is the Muslim social system made up of?
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How did the Sufis live?
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First class: Muslim-born citizens
Second class: Muslim converts
Third class: Conquered peoples
Lowest class: Slaves
They lived a life of poverty and promoted
spirituality.
What led to an internal conflict in Islam after
Muhammed’s death?
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Muhammed did not create a system to elect caliphs.
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How did trade make the Muslim so successful?
One currency was widely accepted: Abbasid Dinar
 One language was spoken: Arabic
 There were trade routes already established (by sea and
by land)
 Banks offered sakks, or checks for traders.
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Why did divisions arise within Islam after the
death of Muhammed?
After the “rightly guided” caliph ended, the Umayyads
took over; however, they lived a life of luxury. This made
Muslims unhappy, so the Abbasids then overthrew them.
 Following caliphates took over and moved the holy city
location twice. Different groups developed because they
had different ideals within Islam.
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What contributed to the unity of the Muslim
empire?
Religion, language, trade, & economy tied Muslim
lands together.
 Muslims had a highly skilled & powerful military,
which allowed them to conquer new territories &
control them.
 Muhammed encouraged scholarship, and Muslims
absorbed knowledge from other cultures to
strengthen theirs.
 Islam stressed uniform behaviors, such as praying &
pilgrimages. They were tolerant of other religions,
although restrictions were placed, thus making it
beneficial to convert to Islam.
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What form of art shows greatest cultural
blending of the Muslim world?
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What was Muhammed’s belief in regards to
education?
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Architecture
It helps us make better decisions, be stronger, and
live a happy life.
This led Muslims to build the House of Wisdom.
Who created algebra? What was algebra’s
original term?
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Al-Khwarizmi; al-jabr
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Why did Muslims’ way of praying advance
astronomy?
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What was the significance of the House of
Wisdom?
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The Muslims needed to know the direction of Mecca.
Scholars translated scientific & philosophical texts
into Arabic.
What academic subjects were advanced in the
Muslim empire?
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Optics; Mathematics; Medicine; Science
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What was the preferred method of scientists to
solve problems?
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How did Muslims help preserve European
culture?
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Performing lab experiments
They translated the works of Aristotle and Plato.
What contributed to calligraphy’s popularity?
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Muslim culture prohibited the drawing of living
beings because they believed that Allah was the only
one who could do so.
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How did the spread of Islam influence literature,
the arts, and architecture?
Literature was a strong tradition in Arabia before Islam.
Islam introduced new themes to this literature. Early
Muslim poets sang the praises of the Prophet and of Islam.
 As Islam expanded, Muslims entered regions that had rich
artistic traditions, and they modified these traditions. Islam
forbade the depiction of living beings, so many artists
turned to calligraphy or expressed themselves through the
decorative arts,, such as textiles and ceramics.
 In architecture, you may see the greatest cultural blending
of the Muslim world. The Great Mosque of Damascus in
Syria was built over a Christian dome, blended Byzantine
architecture with Muslim ideas. In Syrian areas, the
architecture included features that were Roman. The
mosque at Cordoba displayed the innovation of two levels
of interwoven arches.
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How did Muslim beliefs help to bring about
mathematical and scientific advancements?
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Muhammed placed a strong emphasis on scholarship.
Caliph al-Ma’mum opened the House of Wisdom in
Baghdad, Iraq. There scholars of different cultures
worked together to translate different educational texts
into Arabic.
Muslim rulers wanted qualified physicians to treat them.
A Persian physician named al-Razi, was the most
popular, and wrote important medical texts.
The need to know of times and location for prayer led to
the advances in math and astronomy.
Al-Khwarizmi, created al-jabr (algebra).
Ibn al-Haytham produced a book called Optics that led to
advances in optometry. It was also used to develop lenses
for telescopes and microscopes.