Transcript AKS 34c – Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni

AKS 34a:
Explain the origins of
Islam & the growth
of the Islamic Empire
1. Who are the Bedouins?
• Arab nomads on the
Arabian Peninsula.
2. What do the Bedouins value that
became part of the Islamic way of life?
• Valued ideals of courage & loyalty to family,
along with their warrior skills, would become
part of the Islamic way of life.
3. Who is Muhammad and explain his
early life?
• Born in Mecca.
• Orphaned at age of 6.
• When he was 25 he
married a 40 year old
business woman named
Khadijah.
• He would often pray &
meditate alone in caves.
4. What happened to Muhammad at
age 40 and what did he begin to teach?
• While meditating in a
cave he heard the voice
of the Angel Gabriel.
• Angel Gabriel told
Muhammad that he was
a messenger of Allah.
• Muhammad realized he
was the last prophet.
• He began to teach that
Allah was the one and
only God & that all
other Gods should be
abandoned.
5. What do Islam & Muslim mean
in Arabic?
• Islam means “submission to the will of Allah”
• Muslim means “one who has submitted”
6. What is the Hijrah & why is it a
turning point for Muhammad?
• After several of Muhammad’s followers were
attacked, he decided to leave Mecca & move to
Yathrib {aka Medina}.
• It was a turning point because it allowed him to
become a political, religious & military leader.
• Muhammad also gained a lot of followers.
7. When did Muhammad &his
followers return to Mecca?
• In 630, Muhammad & his followers returned to
Mecca to takeover the city.
• The leaders of Mecca surrendered.
8. What did most Meccans do upon his
return?
• Pledged their loyalty to Muhammad & many
converted to Islam.
9. What are the beliefs & practices of
Islam?
9. What are the beliefs & practices of
Islam?
• Faith: Declaration that there is no God but
Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet.
9. What are the beliefs & practices of
Islam?
• Prayer: Five times a day {morning, noon, midafternoon, sunset, & evening} facing Mecca
9. What are the beliefs & practices of
Islam?
• Alms: Muslims have a social responsibility to
give money to the poor
9. What are the beliefs & practices of
Islam?
• Fasting: Muslims fast during the month of
Ramadan from dawn to dusk. The idea is to
show that spiritual needs are greater than
physical needs.
9. What are the beliefs & practices of
Islam?
• Pilgrimage: All Muslims who are physically and
financially able make a pilgrimage to Mecca at
least once in their lives.
10. Who is the original source of
authority for Muslims & what does
this word mean?
• Allah.
• “God”.
11. What is the holy book of Islam
called?
• Qur’an.
– Written in Arabic.
– Only the Arabic translation can be used during
worship.
– This helped spread the message of Muhammad.
12. Who was Muhammad’s successor, what
is his title, & how did he spread Islam?
• Muhammad died in 632.
– He named no successor
or instructions on how to
pick his successor.
• Abu Bakr was elected as
the first caliph.
– Caliph means
“successor”.
– To save the Islamic Faith,
he invoked the jihad.
13. What is the jihad?
• Jihad means
“striving”.
– The inner struggle
against evil.
• Qur’an says the Jihad
means an armed
struggle against
unbelievers.
– Abu Bakr applied this
meaning of jihad to
encourage and justify
the expansion of
Islam.
14. Why did the four “rightly guided”
caliphs succeed in spreading Islam?
• Abu Bakr – 1st Rightly
Guided Caliph
– Applied the Qur’an
meaning of jihad to
encourage and justify
the expansion of Islam.
14. Why did the four “rightly guided”
caliphs succeed in spreading Islam?
• Umar – 2nd Rightly
Guided Caliph
– Muslim armies
conquered Syria &
lower Egypt, parts of
the Sassanid Empire.
14. Why did the four “rightly guided”
caliphs succeed in spreading Islam?
• Uthman – 3rd
Rightly Guided
Caliph
– Continued to
expand Muslim
territories.
14. Why did the four “rightly guided”
caliphs succeed in spreading Islam?
• Ali – 4th Rightly
Guided Caliph
– Continued to
expand Muslim
territories.
AKS 34c – Explain the
reasons for the split
between Sunni & Shi’a
Muslims
1. What happened in 656 and who were
the two people claiming to be the rulers?
• 656 – Uthman was murdered. This started a
civil war.
• Ali – the 4th Rightly Guided Caliph – was the
natural choice as a successor to Uthman.
– Ali was Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law.
• Muawiya, a governor from Syria, challenged
Ali’s right to rule.
• 661 – Ali was assassinated.
2. Who were the Umayyads?
• The Umayyads took control after Ali was
assassinated.
• Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus.
• Lived a life of luxury, instead of simple life.
3. Explain the
split, in detail,
between the Shi’a
& Sunni?
• The majority of
Muslims supported
the Umayyads’ rule. .
. . A small group
resisted it.
Fill in the following chart:
BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUNNI & SHI’A MUSLIMS
AKS 34d:
Identify the contributions of Islamic
scholars in culture, innovations, and the
preservation of Classical knowledge to
include: medicine (Ibn Sina), geography
(Ibn Battuta), origins, and the basic
tenants of Islam.
1. What three reasons do the Muslims
have for supporting science?
• Rulers wanted qualified physicians treating
them.
• People needed to know what time to pray and
the direction of Mecca.
• Deep-seated curiosity about the world and a
quest for truth.
2. What are the contributions of
Muslims to astronomy?
• Armillary sphere
– Used to calculate time
& date for prayer.
• Studied orbits.
• Mapped the stars.
3. What is the standard for Arabic
literature?
• The Qur’an
4. During the Abbasid caliphate, what did
literature include? Give an example of popular
literature and explain the piece.
• Included poetry
about nature and the
pleasures of life and
love
– Literature included
The Thousand and
One Nights, a
collection of fairy
tales, parables, and
legends.
5. Explain the following types of
Muslim Art:
• Calligraphy:
– The art of
beautiful
handwriting
– Images of living
beings were
discouraged
because
Muslims believe
that only Allah
can create life
5. Explain the following types of
Muslim Art:
• Geometric Patterns:
– It uses intricate patterns that typically radiate out
from the central shape
5. Explain the following types of
Muslim Art:
• Arabesque:
– A complex,
ornate design
that usually
incorporates
flowers, leaves,
and geometric
patterns.
6. Why did Muslim artists express
their creativity in this way?
• Muslim leaders feared that people might
begin worshipping the images rather than
Allah.
7. What advances were made in
medicine?
• Ibn Sina Primary
Source.
7. What advances were made in
medicine?
• Al-Razi:
– Wrote a medical encyclopedia
– He also wrote a treatise on smallpox and measles,
where he believed people would recover more
quickly if they breathed cleaner air.
8. What did Muslim scholars believe
about math?
• They believed that mathematics was the basis
of all knowledge.
9. What branch of math did the
Muslims create and who created it?
• Algebra, created
by Al-Khwarizmi
10. Who is Ibn Battuta, where did he
visit, and what did he learn?
10. Who is Ibn Battuta, where did he
visit, and what did he learn?
• A traveler and historian
• Visited most of the countries in the Islamic
world.
• He learned he could travel without fear of
crime and praised people for their study of
the Qur’an, but criticized them for not
strictly practicing Islam’s moral code.
- Homework Complete
AKS 34e & AKS 34f
for tomorrow!!!