Transcript 4B-Astronomer-Notes

TYCHO BRAHE
By: Elisabeth Levi, Lakeisha Furr, Zach Mayer, and Evan
Holman
info
Born December 14, 1546, in Scania, Denmark
1566
Tycho Brahe studies in Rostock.
.
Partnered with Johannes Kepler.
Died in 1601.
He had a prosthetic nose
Achievments
He proved that comets are not objects in the atmosphere
Tycho Brahe made a remarkable star catalogue of over 1000 stars
Created precise measures of the Solar System
What did he contribute to astronomy?
He made important contributions by devising the most
precise instruments available before the invention of the
telescope for observing the heavens
He charted over 1000 stars in the sky.
His observations of planetary motion, particularly that of
Mars, provided the crucial data for later astronomers like
Kepler to construct our present model of the solar
system.
Brahe made careful observations of a comet in 1577 By
measuring the parallax for the comet, he was able to
show that the comet was further away than the Moon.
Stephen Hawkings
Biography
• Born in Oxford, England on January 8th,
1942.
• Wanted to major in Mathmatics but it
wasn’t available at the university, so he
studied physics.
• Got PHD at Cambridge for Cosmology.
Achievements
• He discovered a theory of Black Holes.
• He has twelve Honorary Degrees
• He was awarded the CBE in 1982
Achievements
• He proved/developed the Theory of
Relativity that implied space & time would
have a being in the beginning & an end in
black holes.
Facts
• He is known for his contributions to the
fields of cosmology and Quantum Gravity
especially in the context of blacks holes.
• A member of the US National Academy of
Sciences.
Sir Isaac Newton
By: Amy Dawes, Zach Holland,
Alberto Hernandez, Brandon Furr
Biographical Information
• Born in January 4, 1643.
• Born at Woolsthorpe,
near Grantham in
Lincolnshire.
• Went to Cambridge
University in 1661.
• He was elected a Fellow
of Trinity College in 1667
.
• Died in March 31, 1727.
Achievements
• Made the first
reflecting telescope.
• Created the three
laws of motion.
• Developed differential
and integral calculus.
• Changed white light
to many colors using
a prism.
Laws of motion
• Every object in a state of
uniform motion tends to
remain in that state of
motion unless an external
force is applied to it.
• For every action there is
an equal and opposite
reaction.
• The relationship between
an object's mass m, its
acceleration a, and the
applied force F is F = ma.
Contribution to astronomy
• His biggest
contribution to
astronomy was the
law of gravity.
• Invented the
mathematical
discipline of calculus.
• Helped scientists in
future studies of
gravity and
astronomy.
Nicholaus Copernicus
1473-1543
Biological Information
• Born on February 19, 1473, was the youngest of four
children of Nicholaus Copernicus Sr. and Barbara
Watzenrode.
• Born in Torun, Poland
• He belonged to a family of merchants.
• Copernicus studied at the University of Cracow from
1491 to 1494
• Copernicus then set out for Bologna, Italy where he
became influenced by Domenico Maria de Novara, an
astronomer.
Achievements
• In 1512, he created the Heliocentric
System.
• Created a concept of a universe in which
the distances of the planets from the sun
bore a direct relationship to the size of
their orbits.
• Proposed that the sun was stationary in
the center of the universe and the earth
revolved around it.
Contribution to Astronomy
• Copernicus is said to be the founder of
modern astronomy.
• The most important aspect of Copernicus'
work is that it forever changed the place of
man in the cosmos.
• While a student at the University of Kraków,
he discovered several logical contradictions
in the existing astronomical system taught at
that time, which put the earth at the center of
the universe.
Contribution Continued
• Copernicus put an end to the belief that
the earth was the center of the universe by
properly placing the planet earth in orbit
around the sun, revolving once around the
sun each year while rotating on its axis
once every twenty-four hours.
Johannes Kepler
December 27, 1571- November 15, 1630.
Brittany Miller,
Cailey Tolsen,
Kevin McAllister,
Nate Middleton.
Biography• Born in a town called Weil der Stadt in Swabia,
Germany.
• Was a sickly child, but an excellent student.
• At the age of 13 he entered a religious training
school in Adelberg Germany.
• He watched the great comet of 1577 an eclipse
of the moon.
Biography• Graduated from the University of Tübingen in
1591.
• Liked Capernicus’ theories.
• In 1597, he married Barbara Muehleck.
• Only 2 of his 5 children reached adulthood.
•
Important Accomplishments
• Job- assistant of Tycho Brahe,
astronomer, and math mathematician to
Rudolph 2nd
• Replaced Brahe- first job was to prepare
Brahe’s astronomy studies for publication
Important Accomplishments• Kepler’s 1st law- An ellipse has 2 foci.
Important Accomplishments• Kepler’s 2nd law- The imaginary line joining
the Sun sweeps over equal areas of space
in an equal amount of time.
Important Accomplishments
• Keplers 3rd law (Harmonic Law)- The
period of a planet squared is equal to the
cube of its mean distance.
• (P squared = D cubed)
Edwin Hubble
Table of contents:
 Background
 Discoveries
 Contributions
Background
 Born November 20, 1889 in Marshfield
,Missouri
Studied mathematics and astronomy and
earned a bachelor of science degree
 Tall athletic, excelled at sports
 Coached High School basketball
 Served in WW1
 Edwin Hubble was named after the Hubble
space Telescope
Discoveries
• In the 1920’s, he discovered countless galaxies beyond our own.
• In 1923, Edwin used the Hooker Telescope and saw a hazy patch of
the sky and called it the Andromeda Nebula.
• Later he discovered that the Andromeda Nebula wasn’t a nearby
star cluster, but an entire other galaxy and he called it the
Andromeda Galaxy.
• In order to classify the galaxies, he created a system called the
Hubble Tuning Fork Diagram, which put the galaxies as either an
Elliptical, Spiral, or Barred Spiral.
o Most astonishing discovery was his study of the Spectra of 46
galaxies.
o Found out that the further apart the galaxies are from each other,
the faster they move away from each other, which means that the
universe continues to expand.
o Hubble estimated that the universe expands at a rate of 500 km per
second per mega parsec, which is known as the Hubble Constant.
Contributions/ Achievements
• He found out that the universe is
expanding constantly
• Bruce Medal in 1938.
• Medal of Merit for outstanding contribution
to ballistics research in 1946—ARP
• Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical
Society in 1940.
Claudius Ptolemy
90-168 AD
By : Tanneh Nimely, Jay Pancholi,
Eddie Fuller, Alex Proudfoot
Ptolemy’s Life
• Born in 90 AD
• No one knows much about his childlife.
• Ptolemy made astronomical observations from
Alexandria during the years of 127-141
• Ptolemy’s teacher was Theon of Smyrna. He
was an observer and
a mathematician who
had written astronomical
topics like eclipses.
Achievements
• Ptolemy wrote a book about the motions of the planets
and the stars called Almagest.
• He cataloged 1,028 stars and described all the known
variances of the constellations and the legends that went
along with them.
• He was also a renowned cartographer.
He had a book with very detailed maps
that Christopher Columbus used in
1492 when he discovered the Americas.
Astronomy Contributions
• Ptolemy developed a system that allowed hi to predict
where planets would appear in the sky at any given time.
• Ptolemy’s Model of the Solar system and heavenly
sphere was a refinement of previous models developed
by Greek astronomers.
• Ptolemy’s didn’t work perfectly,
observations didn’t always correlate with the
model he predicted. But Ptolemy’s model
was used by astronomers until the 16th
century.
Horoscopes
• Ptolemy’s astronomy had been widely criticized
• There were three zodiacs surrounding the orbits of the
planets
• The Zodiacs represent the threefold spiritual constitution
of the universe.
• In the n the Phaseis (Risings
of the Fixed Stars) Ptolemy gave
a parapegma, a star calendar or
almanac based on the appearances
and disappearances of stars over
the course of the solar year.