Transcript Unit 1-The Early Middle Ages Power Pointx

THE MIDDLE AGES
The Beginning of the THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
end for the Roman
The Formation of Europe
Empire.
The Roman Empire
had become to big to
rule an maintain and
in an attempt to
salvage Rome it was
divided in to Eastern
and Western
territories each
Ruled by it own
Emperor.
•
•
•
•
•
THE DIVISION OF ROME AND THE
BEGINNING OF “NEW ROME”
Rome is often discussed in terms of East
and West.
However it was primarily affected and
separated by three civilizations or regions
of the world that would influence Europe.
The Muslim/Islamic Empire in the Middle East
Latin / Christendom (the Originals/Romans)
Germanic peoples / Northerners
THE DIVISION OF ROME AND THE
BEGINNING OF “NEW ROME”
Before the Fall this was the Empire:
THE DIVISION OF ROME AND THE
BEGINNING OF “NEW ROME”
This was the empire after its fall:
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Eastern Roman Empire, Later Roman
Empire, Greek, New Rome and the Byzantine
Empire are all names for
the same Empire.
Constantine rules in the East and moved the
capital to Constantinople which was an old
Greek city named Byzantine in 330 C.E. Thus
creating the “Byzantine” Empire. The end of
Western Roman Empire was when the last
Roman Emperor was deposed and the region
completely was completely conquered by
Germanic invaders.
*Constantine declared Christianity as the
legal religion.
Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire
The Ruler Constantine
Named the Capital after himself.
The location of the new capital had great natural
defenses (was bordered on three sides by water).
• Access to the sea and the building of roads made
it a great location for trade with easy access to
Europe and Asia. The favorable location made the
city one of Europe's busiest marketplaces.
• We will come back and discuss Constantine and
the rulers that come after him later in the unit.
•
•
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Rise of Europe
Western Europe in Decline:
• At the height of the Roman Empire it was
unified throughout the region, they shared
classical ideals, the Latin language, and
Christianity which they sought to share with
their tribal neighbors.
• The Germanic peoples that would come to
conquer and inhabit the Western Roman empire
would later build on these traditions.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Rise of Europe
Western Europe in Decline:
•
Western Rome's decline occurred between 500-1000
•
The decline was political, social, and economic.
•
It divided the Western Empire; cutting them off
from advanced civilizations such as: Middle East,
China, and India.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Rise of Germanic Kingdoms
Due to the division and decline in the Western Roman
Empire the Northern tribes swept down and invaded.
As a result of invasion:
•
•
•
Trade slowed, towns emptied, and learning
practically stopped. Referred to as the “Dark Ages.”
Some believed this time when the blending of
cultures occurred: Greco-Roman, Germanic, &
Christian.
This culture is often referred to as Medieval.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Rise of Germanic Kingdoms
The Germanic Tribes that invaded were: the Goths,
Vandals, Saxons, and Franks. These Germanic
peoples had a very different culture than the Romans.
•
•
•
•
•
They were farmers and herders
No written language
No cities – lived in small communities
No written laws – governed by unwritten customs
Their Kings were elected by their tribal council & the
warriors swore their loyalty in exchange for weapons
and plunder.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Rise of Germanic Kingdoms and the
Franks extend their Power
• Between 400-700 these Germanic tribes carved up
Western Europe into small Kingdoms.
One of these Kingdoms belonged to a Frank
King by the name of Clovis.
• He conquered the former province of Gaul, which
will later become France.
• He ruled according to Frankish custom but he
converted to Christianity.
• This helped him and his kingdom b/c
• He earned the support of his people and he gained
the pope as a powerful ally.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Rise of Germanic Kingdoms and the
Franks extend their Power
Clovis I, (born c. 466—died November
27, 511, Paris, France) king of the Franks
and ruler of much of Gaul from 481 to
511, a key period during the
transformation of the Roman Empire into
Europe. His dynasty, the Merovingians,
survived more than 200 years, until the
rise of the Carolingians in the 8th
century. While he was not the first
Frankish king, he was the kingdom’s
political and religious founder.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Review & Objective Check
Pull out a piece of paper and answer the following 2
questions:
1.Describe Eastern Europe “The Byzantine Empire”
after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire?
2. How did the Germanic tribes govern their
kingdoms?
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Meanwhile in the Middle East
During the 600’s in Arabia the religion of Islam began.
Believers in Islam are called Muslims.
• They created and built a huge new and expanding
Empire.
Islam the Religion• Muslims look to Muhamad the prophet and the
Qur’an for religious truths.
Muhamad• Spent his early adult years as a merchant in Mecca
on the Arabian Peninsula.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Islam the Religion
When Muhammad was about 40 years old he began to
have intense religious revelations which led him to
believe in:
• Devotion to the one true God or “Allah”
• The human duty to adhere to Allah's will.
• Believed himself to be a prophet.
• That the messages and teachings of Allah were the
beginning of a new religion.
The messages that came to Muhammad were written
down in the book of Islam.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Islam the Religion
The Qur’an is organized into 114 chapters call suras.
It emphasizes the submission of oneself to God.
The importance of prayers
An ethical obligation to help others
The Qur’an provided direction for the affairs of daily life
as well as a powerful, poetic, grandeur of God.
Muhammad’s revelations / new religion (Islam) was not well
supported in Mecca so he was forced to move. He moved to
the City of Medina in 622 were his teachings were well
received, accepted, and eventually began to spread.
• Muhammad died in 632.
•
•
•
•
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Islam the Religion
After the death Muhammad
•
•
•
•
Leadership passed to Caliphs who were initially
relatives of Muhammad himself.
The ruling Caliph exercised both spiritual and
political authority; he was regarded as the true
religious and military successor of Muhammad
himself.
During the era of the 3rd Caliph conflict and division
occurred among Muslims creating factions. (about
650)
The Suni’s and the Shiite’s.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Islam the Religion
In regards to the religion of Islam:
• Saw themselves as the successors to the Jews and
Christians.
• Believed Abraham to be the true spokesperson of God
•
•
•
Jesus belonged in this line
but that Muhammad was the last and greatest of Gods
or Allah’s prophets.
Believed the Qur’an replaced the Jewish bible.
•
That the Christian bible was mistaken because
Christ was not divine & belief in the trinity was
wrong b/c in there is only one true God.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Islam the Religion
The difference in beliefs
between Muslims and
Christians would
unfortunately would lead
to a pattern of conflicts
between the two that
would help shape both of
these religious cultures
through the all later
centuries.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Muslim Empire and its impact on Europe
During the Middle / Dark Ages the Arab world was
responsible for:
• The government developed efficient ways to collect
taxes, enforce laws, and keep provinces in order.
• Arab surpassed the Greeks in science
• Arab geographers had a wider knowledge of the
world than anyone at that time.
• They developed Algebra beyond what the Greeks
had done and they created Arabic numbers that are
still used today.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The beginning of Muslim and Christian Conflict
•
The Church and Christian kingdoms became
concerned when Muslim armies overran Christian
lands from Palestine to the North of Africa to
present day Spain.
•
•
•
•
Muslim armies crossed into France
Charles Martel - gathered Frankish warriors
Battle of tours (732)
Why was it important?
Charles Martel - gathered
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Frankish warriors
• Charles Martel, Latin Carolus The Muslim and Christian Conflict
Martellus, German Karl Martell
(born c. 688—died Oct. 22, 741,
Quierzy-sur-Oise [France])
mayor of the palace of Austrasia
(the eastern part of the Frankish
kingdom) from 715 to 741. He
reunited and ruled the entire
Frankish realm and stemmed the
Muslim invasion at Poitiers in
732. His byname, Martel, means
“the hammer.”
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Age Charlemagne
The Grandson of Charles Martel became king of
the franks 768.
• He briefly united Western Europe when he
built his empire.
• Including France, Germany, and Part of
Italy.
• He was known as Charlemagne and Charles
the Great.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Age Charlemagne
Charlemagne, also called Charles I,
byname Charles the Great (born April 2,
747?—died January 28, 814, Aachen,
Austrasia [now in Germany]) king of the
Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards
(774–814), and first emperor (800–814)
of the Romans and of what was later
called the Holy Roman Empire.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
The Age of Charlemagne
He spent much of his reign at war:
• Muslims in Spain
• Saxons in the North
• Avars and Salvs in the East
• Lombards in Italy
Charlemagne was determined to create a united
Christian Europe and worked closely with the
church to accomplish this goal.
• Many on the fringes of the empire were
converted: Saxons and Salvs.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Charlemagne: Ruling his Empire
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the Emperor
of the Romans.
Like other Germanic kings appointed powerful
nobles to rule local regions.
• To keep control of his provincial rulers, he sent
out officials called missi dominici to check on
various aspects of the provinces: check roads,
listen to grievances, and carry out laws justly.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Charlemagne rives learning
• Believed education was important for practical
reasons but also as another way to unify his
kingdom.
• Revived Latin and encouraged the creation of
local schools.
• The palace school at Aachen and its school
Alcuin of York would establish the educational
model of Medieval Europe which included
• Grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry,
logic, music, and astronomy.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Charlemagne’s Legacy and life after his reign
Charlemagne died in 814, his son Louis I took the
crown but later his son’s would battle for power.
•
Treaty of Verdun
• Split the empire into three regions.
Divided the kingdom into three parts
a. Charles the Bald- western part (France)
b. Louis the GermanEastern part (German)
c. Louthair- became Holy Roman Emperor
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
Charlemagne’s Legacy and life after his reign
Despite the splitting of the empire Charlemagne
would leave a lasting legacy.
• He extended Christian civilization into N. Europe
which,
• Furthered the blending of Germanic, Roman, and
Christian traditions.
• Established a strong and effective Government.
• He served as a model for other rulers who sought
to strengthen their kingdoms.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
New invaders and waves of invasion
Charlemagne’s heirs face new waves of invasion
by Muslim, Magyars, and Viking forces.
Late 800’s Muslim forces had conquered Sicily.
It wasn’t until the 900’s that the Muslim threat
subsided.
• As result of power struggles occurring in the
Middle East.
In the 900’s the Magyars a new group of nomadic
people began to invaded.
•
•
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
New invaders and waves of invasion
The Magyars settled in present
day Hungary, from there they
overran Eastern Europe and
moved on to plunder.
• Germany
• Parts of France
• Parts of Italy
After about 50 years
(somewhere around 950) they
were pushed back into Hungary.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
New invaders and waves of invasion
Raiders from the North –
The Vikings
Broke the last threads of
Charlemagne's empire.
Their home was in
Scandinavia, (Modern
day Norway, Sweden,
and Denmark).
•
•
•
The were independent
farmers ruled by landowning Chieftains.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES:
New invaders and waves of invasion
The Vikings
• They were expert
sailors.
• Starting in the late
700’s they went out of
Scandinavia
• Looting and burning
communities along
the coasts and rivers
of Europe.
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES: REVIEW
1. Describe the events that took place after
Charlemagne's death.
2. Analyze the impact of the Western Roman
Empire on Europe.
3. Explain The western civilization as a blending
of cultures.
4. Describe the achievements of significant
rulers. (see handout/transparency).