Transcript Hinduism & Buddhism

Homework
• Write a paragraph comparing American
and South Asian attitudes toward
individual wants
Chapter 8
Heritage of South Asia
Religions of India
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hinduism – 80%
Islam – 13%
Christianity – 2%
Sikh – 2%
Buddhist - 0.7%
Jain - 0.5%
Hinduism
• In Sanskrit it
means “The
Eternal Path”
• The oldest
major religion
that is still
practiced
Hinduism: Basics
• No Formal Church
• No Founder
• Vedas & Upanishads –
the important texts
• Polytheistic
– Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva –
Main gods
• Brahman – the
Supreme force
Prominent Hindu Themes
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
• Dharma – ethics or duties
• Samsara – the continuing cycle of birth,
death, & rebirth
• Karma – action & subsequent reaction
• Moksha – liberation from Samsara
• Yogas – paths or practices
Hinduism: the Basics
•
•
•
•
Many sects, groups, exist
All things are part of the universal soul
Nonviolent, respect nature
Moksha – freeing the soul from the body
allowing the soul to unite with Brahman
• Karma – every deed, mental and physical,
affect a person’s fate in future life
Hinduism and the Caste
• Hindus believe in
the Caste system
• Each Caste has
its own duties
called: Dharma
• People can
improve their
next life if they
carry out their
duties in this life
Buddhism: the Basics
•
•
•
•
•
Grew from Hinduism
Siddhartha Gautama discovered Buddhism
Gautama became the first Buddha
Text – Three Baskets of Wisdom
No gods exist, no priests
– Mahayana Sect worships gods
• People have to seek nirvana on their own
Buddhism
Buddhism: the Lessons
• Four Nobel Truths
–Suffering is universal
–Suffering is caused by desire
–End suffering by crushing desire
• Nirvana – the condition of wanting
nothing
–The way to end desire is to
follow the Noble Eightfold Path
Two Major Sects
• Theravada
– A monastic life is
the way to reach
nirvana
– Buddha is not a
god
– In Sri Lanka,
Burma, Thailand
• Mahayana
– Worship Buddha
and enlightened
ones as gods
– In China, Tibet,
Japan, Korea
– Neither Buddhist
sect stayed
strong in India
Turbans
from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nationworld/infocus/mideast/islam/turbans.html
The
Kaffiyeh
Sikh
Muslim
Leaders
Indian Men
Desert
Afghan
Iranian
Leaders
Sikh
• Started in 15
century, Punjab,
India
• Three
Requirements
– Meditate on the
holy name
– Work diligently
and honestly
– Share your fruits
Northwest Border India/Pakistan
The 5 Ks
• Identification symbols for
Sikhs
– Kesh – uncut hair – respect
– Kanga – wooden comb cleanliness
– Kaccha – special underwear
(look like boxers) – modesty
– Kara – iron bracelet – do
Gods work
– Kirpan – strapped sword –
prevent violence
Sikhs in India
• Have been major military leaders
throughout India’s history
• Decorated soldiers and service men
• Hindu religion is non violent
Sikh & Discrimination
• After Sept. 11, 2001 many
Sikh people have
experienced increased
discrimination
• Their turbans are distinct
from other turbans because
of the point in the front
• Religion from Ancient
India
Jain
• Similar beliefs to
Hinduism & Buddhism
• Nonviolent
• Vegetarian
Early Kingdoms of South Asia
Maurya Empire
• From 351-200 BC
• Chandragupta Maurya was the leading
Ruler
• Major Accomplishments
– Government – tax collecting, trade, military
– Architecture – buildings, palaces
– Economy – irrigation, trade,
– Religion – spread of Buddhism
Gupta Empire
• From 320-550 AD
• Leader: Chandragupta I
• Major Accomplishments
– Government – organization
– Art & Architecture – buildings, palaces,
paintings of daily life, literature
– Mathematics – “0”, size/shape earth
– Trade – with Arabs
Muslim Empire
• From 1200-1500
• Sultans ruled
• Major Accomplishments
– Government – toleration, military, services
(education, irrigation, hospitals)
– Architecture – buildings, palaces
– Economy – irrigation, trade with Middle East
– Religion – Islam; cause of future conflicts
Mughal Empire – Golden Age
• From 1526-1850
• Akbar was the leading Ruler
• Major Accomplishments
– Government – toleration, trade, military
– Architecture – buildings, palaces, Taj Mahal
– Economy – farming/irrigation, trade
– Religion – toleration between Hindu & Islam
Patterns of Life in India
“It is better to do one’s duty badly,
than to do another’s duty well”
Bhagavad-Gita
Patterns of Life Class work
• Use the packet from the book to create 2
pictures representing each pattern of life
• Each picture should have a caption
• The headings are:
• The Caste System, Village Life, Family
Life, Traditional Marriage, Women’s Lives
Village Life
• Similar to village life in ME & Africa
• Leader – land owning male who inherited title
from his father
• Council of Elders – assisted the village leader
• Each village observed the caste system
• Villages were self sufficient (limited
trading/diffusion)
Family Life
• Patriarchal – “Father is heaven, father is
religion, the gods are pleased by pleasing
father.”
• Extended families – value family over individual
• Arranged marriages – to protect and benefit the
family
• Brides family paid for the wedding
Women’s Lives
• Women had limited rights
• A Woman’s duties
– Marry
– Wait on her husband
– Bear sons
• Women only had Shakti, creative energy,
and this was needed to help complete the
man
Women’s Lives
• “[A woman] should do nothing
independently even in her own
house. In childhood subject to
her father, in youth to her
husband, and when her husband
is dead to her sons, she should
never enjoy independence.”
– Hindu law codes
the Caste System
• Castes developed over thousands of years
• Castes help keep purity within the races
• The higher castes are considered closer to
spiritual purity, closer to Moksha
• Invaders absorbed into the culture and did
not change it
• Thousands of castes and subcastes
developed
the Caste System - Rules
• All rules begin at BIRTH
• You have to marry within your caste
• You can only eat food prepared by
someone in your caste, or above
• Your job was determined by your caste
• The castes relied on each other to
complete daily tasks
–Ex. Merchant & water carrier
the Caste System - Rules
• Lower castes had to keep their shadows
from touching others in higher castes
• Lower castes had to strike a wooden
clapper to warn others of their approach
India Under British Rule
1st European contact
• European traders sought the wealth and
riches of India
• Portugal was the first nation to make
contact
• The Dutch, French, and British all set up
trading posts
British Dominance
• The East India Trading Company created
an alliance with the Mughal Empire
• The British set up trading posts along the
coast and at the mouths of rivers
• British gold and silver were traded for
Indian cotton, silk, and tea
British Early Contact
• Write a paragraph about the British early
contact in India
• Use all eleven, 11, terms from the handout
• PG 572
Words for Paragraph
•
•
•
•
•
East India Company
Mughal Empire
Akbar
Robert Clive
Battle of Plassey
•
•
•
•
•
•
British Parliament
Governor General
Raj
Lord Dalhousie
Indian Civil Service
Indian Railways
East India Company, Mughal,
Akbar
• The British became trading partners with
the Mughal Empire and its emperor Akbar,
with the East India Company. The British
set up trading posts along strategic routes.
Robert Clive, Battle of Plessey
• The East India Co., represented by Robert
Clive, took advantage of the fall of the
Mughal Empire and increased British
presence in India, by winning the Battle of
Plessey. After this victory, Great Britain
controlled most of east India.
British Parliament, Raj, Lord
Dalhousie, Governor General
• The British Parliament became alarmed at
the strength of the East India Company.
The British Parliament took over power
and instituted Lord Dalhousie, as governor
general, to control the Raj.
Lord Dalhousie, Indian Civil
Service, Indian Railways
• Lord Dalhousie oversaw the
implementation of the Indian Railway
system, to benefit the British, and the
Indian Civil Service, an education training
system for Indians
British Dominance
• As the Mughal Empire declined, British
influence increased
• Regional Indian kingdoms replaced the
Mughal Empire
• The British defeated the French in a series
of battles in India to establish dominance
The East India Co.
• The Trading company gained power
because local rivalries prevented Indians
from uniting
• The East India Co. gained wealth by
collecting taxes and gained power by
setting up its own trading laws
British Rule Leads to Conflict
• Indians and Muslims resented foreign rule
b/c of high taxes, Christian missionaries, a
change in customs, and new laws
• The Sepoy Rebellion
– Sepoy – Indian soldier in British Army
– Causes: pork/beef fat, fighting overseas
for Britain
– British win
Changes after Sepoy Rebellion
• India becomes a British Colony in 1858
• Queen Victoria of Britain becomes
Empress of India
• British appointed officials to rule India
directly
• The British moved away from using Indian
soldiers
Effects of British Rule
• Changes to Economic Patterns
– Traditional Indian economies were crushed
– Farmers grew cash crops instead of food
• Social changes
– Improved healthcare and sanitation
– Urbanization
– Education (elite and middle class grew)
• British isolated themselves form Indians
• Resentment of British by Indians
Indian Nationalism
• Driving force was the British educated elite
• Mixed direction of Nationalists
– Westernization
– Hinduism and traditional beliefs
• INC – Indian National Congress
– Nationalists for Hindu
• Hindu and Muslim nationalists clashed
• Creation of two states
• Read the quote on page 196, top of
column 2
• Why is the quote ironic?