Transcript Collection of Ancient and Modern Times

Introduction
China as “heartland” civilization
Korea, Vietnam, and Japan all influenced by
China
Each had preconditions for civilization before
encountering China
All influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism
All adopted Chinese ideographs
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Early Korea
Peninsular geography shaped history
Chinese commanderies, 108 B.C.E. – 313 C.E.
Three Korean states, 313 C.E. – 668 C.E.
Silla, Paekche, and Koguryo
Silla unified, ruled 668 – 918 C.E.
Chinese army helped with unification
Silla drove Chinese out
Silla became autonomous tribute state to China
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Koryo Dynasty 918 – 1392
Cultural brilliance
Celadon vases, first history (1145), poetry and
literature, moveable type
Buddhism
Buddhist infrastructure, art, and scholarship
Chinese influence on government offices and laws
Weak society, many slaves
Weak economy based on barter
Weak state dominated by military
Tributary to China
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Vietnam – Overview
Four historical movements shaped all of S.E. Asia
Peoples, languages followed river valleys north to south
Indian traders and missionaries, 1st-15th centuries,
brought Buddhism and other influential ideas
Arab and Indian traders, 13th-15th centuries, introduced
Islam
Chinese diaspora, especially after 1842, formed urban
merchant class
Fifth movement shaped Vietnam
Conquest by China
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Creation of Vietnam
Geography
“Two baskets on a carrying pole”
Vietnamese, Cham, and Khmer peoples
Nan Yueh state formed 208 B.C.E.
Controlled S.E. China and Red River basin
Ruled by China 111 B.C.E. – 939 C.E.
Social change
Chinese cultural influence, especially under Tang
Revolt led to independence, 939
Ly (1009-1225) and Tran (1225-1400) dynasties
Formal tribute relationship with China
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Japanese Overview
Japanese history has three main turning points
Each marked by a major influx of outside culture
Followed by massive internal restructuring
Korean influence - 3rd century B.C.E.
Passage to agricultural, metalworking society
Chinese influence - 7th century C.E.
Leap to a higher historical civilization
Writing, technology, philosophy, Buddhism
Western influence - 19th century
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Earliest People and Culture
Earliest humans in Japan
Ice Age land bridges to Asia
Earliest evidence of humans – stone tools, 30,000
B.C.E.
World’s first pottery - 10,000 B.C.E.
Jomon Culture - lasted around 8,000 years
Jomon or “cord-pattern” pottery - 8,000 B.C.E.
Mystery to archaeologists
• Pottery in an Old Stone Age society
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Yayoi Culture
Yayoi culture began around 300 B.C.E.
Hard, pale orange pottery
Astonishing simultaneous arrival of
Agricultural revolution
Bronze revolution
Iron revolution
New technologies introduced from Korea
Unclear relationships between early Yayoi and
Jomon peoples
Queen Pimiko, 3rd century C.E.
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Tomb and Yamato Cultures
Tomb culture - 300-600 C.E.
Characterized by giant tomb mounds
Korean pattern
Yamato state
Yamato “great kings” - loose hegemony
Society
• Uji - basic social unit - clan
• Be - specialist workers attached to clans
Korean relations
Japan allied with Paekche state
Chinese culture entered Japan through Korea
• Confucianism, 513
• Buddhism, 538
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Shinto
“The way of the gods”
Worship of forces of nature
Sensitivity to nature and natural beauty
Shamans in most villages
Connection to the state
Head of clan was chief priest
Clan - myth centered on nature deity (kami)
Eventual view of divine emperor as descended from the
sun goddess
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Nara and Heian Japan
Adoption of the higher civilization of China
Three stages
Japanese studied China – 7th century
Japanese implanted Chinese institutions – 8th century
Adapted institutions to meet Japanese needs – by 11th
century
Official embassies to Tang court began in 607
Emperor Temmu began institutional changes
Used Chinese systems to consolidate power
• “Heavenly emperor” replaces “great king”
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Adapting Chinese Systems
Nara – new capital in 710
Checkerboard grid like Chang’an
Heian – new capital in 794
Emperors were
Confucians with majesty of Chinese law
Shinto rulers descended from sun goddess
Modified Chinese system
Eight ministries instead of six
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Nara and Heian Government
Japanese court government differed from China
No eunuchs
No tension between emperor and bureaucracy
No meritocracy
Three offices outside Chinese tradition
• Audit officers
• Bureau of archivists
• Police commissioners
Phases of Heian Rule
Emperors ruled or shared rule until mid-9th century
Northern branch, Fujiwara clan, ascendant 856-1086
Shirakawa first in line of retired emperors to rule
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Land and Taxes
Last embassy to China in 839
Over next 350 years Japan innovated, assimilated
culture from China
Conversion of agricultural economy
Equal Field System to tax quotas payable in grain
Tax-paying lands to tax-free estates
• Nobles and temples obtained immunities
• Small land-owners hand land over to nobles
• Better off as serfs on tax-free estates
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Rise of the Samurai
During mid-Heian period
Nonofficial private bands of local warriors
System for next five centuries
Samurai – expensive
Horses, armor, weapons, training
Initial job – local order and tax collection
Confrontations between regional military
coalitions
Conflict reaches Heian court in 1156
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Aristocratic Life and Education
Aristocracy encapsulated in routines of court
Found commoners to be barely human
Protected by political influence
Education focused on reading Chinese books
Compose prose and poetry in Chinese
Until 19th century most important Japanese works
written in Chinese
Du Fu and Li Bo appreciated
Chinese history as mirror for Japan
Buddhist stories and books of Confucianism
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Birth of Japanese Literature
Poetry in Japanese language
Manyoshu – first major anthology
Chinese characters as phonetic signs
Invention of kana
Used mostly by women
Collection of Ancient and Modern Times written entirely in kana
Brilliant literature of Heian period – women authors
Sei Shonagon – The Pillow Book
• Satirical and amusing essays
Murasaki Shikibu – The Tale of Genji
• World’s first novel
• Completely original – no Chinese model
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Nara and Heian Buddhism
Six Sects of Nara period
Separate doctrinal position within Mahayana
Typical monastery a self-contained community
Monasteries and temples involved with state
State role more supportive in Japan
Japanese drawn to Buddhism through magic and
mystery of Shinto
No particular bias against Buddhism
Another in a series of new concepts
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Tendai and Shingon Sects
Tendai – Founded by Monk Saicho (767-822)
Temple on Mount Hiei – eventually thousands
Salvation for all based on contemplation, moral purity
Strict rules and twelve-year curriculum
Shingon – Founded by Monk Kukai (774-835)
Monastery on Mount Koya
Focus on eternal and cosmic Buddha
Esoteric Buddhism – secret teachings
Buddhism assimilated into Japanese culture
“Great Sun Buddha” identified with Shinto deity
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Early Feudal Age
Another shift in 12th century
Rule by military houses
Bakufu – tent government
Completely non-Chinese type of government
Rise of shogun as de facto ruler
Minamoto Yoritomo – 1147-1199
Defeat Taira in 1185
“Barbarian-quelling generalissimo”
Kamakura – headquarters
Simple bureaucracy - bakufu
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Kamakura Era
Yoritomo’s victory was national
More centralization under Kamakura bakufu
Joei Code, 1232
Appointments – right to income from land
Loyalty became institutional to bakufu
Mongols under Kublai Khan
Invasions, 1274 and 1281
Mongols withdrew after Kamikaze winds
Japan’s defenders dissatisfied
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Question of Feudalism
Did Yoritomo’s rule start feudalism?
Scholars argue the point
Definition of feudalism
Lord-vassal relationship
Fiefs given in return for military service
Warrior ethic
Difficult to view Japan as fully feudal
Warrior ethic embraced
Local social order of late Heian era endured
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Ashikaga Era
Upheaval, 1331-1226
Ashikaga Takauji – 1305-1358
Destroyed Hojo-controlled bakufu
New bakufu in Kyoto
Each regional state governed by a lord
Daimyo
Bakufu offices were simple and direct
All staffed by Takauji’s vassals
Relationship between bakufu and daimyo fluid
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Women in Warrior Society
Prominent roles for women
Political leaders – Pimiko, Nun Shogun, Empresses
Sun goddess was central figure in mythology
Great women writers in Heian period
Women trained in archery and other military arts in
Kamakura bakufu
Women’s status declined due to warfare of 14th
and 15th centuries
Women excluded from warrior’s fief
Unigeniture – inheritance by most able son – replaced
multigeniture
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Agriculture and Commerce
Population growth - 15 million by 1600
New strains of rice and iron-edged tools
Irrigation and diking
From late Heian period
More agricultural surplus stayed in local hands
Warriors took large slices of income
Rise of independent merchants
Trade networks
Artisan and merchant guilds
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Medieval Culture
Classical age - Nara and Heian
Medieval age - 1200-1600 C.E.
Medieval culture direct outgrowth of classical
Seen clearly in poetry and painting
Some distinct new characteristics
Shift from court to military aristocrats
• Genji to medieval military tales
New wave of culture from Song China
Japan’s age of Buddhist faith
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Pure Land Buddhism
Heian Tendai doctrine: true teaching of historical Buddha
lost
Salvation in calling on Amida
• The Buddha who ruled over the Pure Land/Western Paradise
Proponents
• Kuya (903-972), “Saint of the Marketplace”
• Honen (1133-1212), salvation through faith alone
• Shinran (1173-1262), perfect faith a gift from Amida
Pure Land Buddhism became the dominant form
Developed political and military power
Peasants militarized, sometimes rebelled against feudal lords
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Nichiren Buddhism
Founded by Nichiren (1222-1282)
Lotus Sutra perfectly embodied Buddha’s
teaching
Chanting - religious rapture
“Praise to the Lotus Sutra of the Wondrous Law”
Goal - internal spiritual transformation
Nichiren: intolerant and nationalistic
Believed only his sect could protect Japan
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Zen Buddhism
Teaching and meditation techniques brought back
by monks who studied in Song China
Religion of paradox
Learned monks stressed return to ignorance
• Uncluttered “original mind”
• Attained in a flash of intuition
Emphasis on compassion - yet followers included
samurai
Influence on medieval art
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No Plays
Kind of mystery play
Beautiful masks, robes - bare wooden stage
Poetic language
Action slow and highly stylized
Themes
Taira vs. Minamoto
Religious lessons
Incident from Genji or Heian court
Buddhist idea of impermanence
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