Transcript Exercise in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Chapter 17
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Late Adulthood
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Functional Age
 Actual competence
and performance
may not match
chronological age
 No single biological
measure can predict
rate of aging
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Life Expectancy
 Increasing in U.S. because of
 steady decline in infant mortality
 decrease in adult death rates
 Variations due to heredity, environment:




gender
SES
ethnicity
nationality
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Variations in
Healthy Life Expectancy
 Japan ranks first:
 low rates of obesity, heart disease
 favorable health-care policies
 U.S. lags behind:
 lifestyle factors
 health-care policies
 In developing nations, reduced by
 poverty, malnutrition, disease
 armed conflict
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Average
Healthy Life
Expectancy
at Birth
Figure 17.1
(From Salomon et al., 2012.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Maximum Lifespan
 Species-specific biological limit:
 little increase for those 65 and older
 oldest verified age: 122 years
 Some scientists believe upper limit
not yet reached:
 question: Should maximum lifespan be
increased?
 goal is quality, not quantity, of life
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Factors Contributing
to Long Life
 Heredity
 Environment and lifestyle:
 healthy diet, normal weight
 exercise
 low substance use
 optimistic
 toughminded, independent
 social support
 community involvement
 learning
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Quality of Life
 Activities of Daily Living (ADLs):
 basic self-care tasks
 bathing, dressing, eating
 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
(IADLs):
 conducting business of daily life
 require some cognitive competence
 shopping, food preparation, housekeeping,
paying bills
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Aging and the
Nervous System
 Loss of brain weight accelerates in sixties
 Neurons lost, especially in
 prefrontal cortex (executive function)
 corpus callosum
 cerebellum (balance)
 glial cells
 Autonomic nervous system less efficient
 How the brain compensates:
 new fibers, neurons
 new connections
 use more parts of brain
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Visual Impairments and Aging
 Lower visual acuity
 Poor dark adaptation,
sensitivity to glare
 Decreased color, depth
perception
 Cataracts
 Macular degeneration
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Aging and Visual and
Hearing Impairments
Figure 17.2
(Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012d.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Effects of Sensory Changes
Vision
problems
 Loss of self-confidence
 Possible problems in daily
activities
 Changes in leisure activities
Hearing
loss
 Social isolation, loneliness
 Lower self-efficacy
 Lower safety and enjoyment
Decreased
taste and smell
 Dietary deficiencies
 Potential safety risks
Less sensitive
to touch
 Difficulties with leisure, daily
activities
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Aging Systems of the Body
 Cardiovascular/respiratory systems:
 heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate,
blood flow
 less oxygen delivered to tissues
 vital lung capacity reduced by half
 Immune system:
 effectiveness declines
 more infectious, autoimmune diseases
 stress-related susceptibility
 Healthy diet, exercise help protect immune
response
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Sleep and Aging
 Total sleep needs remain constant
 Sleep timing changes: earlier bedtime,
earlier wakening
 Sleep difficulties:
 insomnia
 nighttime waking
 sleep apnea
 Fostering restful sleep:
 consistent bedtime, waking time
 regular exercise
 using bedroom only for sleep
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Physical Appearance
and Mobility
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


Skin thinner, wrinkled, spotted
Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change
Lose height and weight after age 60
Muscle strength declines:
 10–20% by ages 60 to 70
 30–50% by ages 70 to 80
 Bone strength drops
 Flexibility decreases
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Adapting to Physical
Changes of Aging
 Subjective age vs. physical
age
 Effective coping strategies:
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 prevention and compensation
 sense of personal control
 problem-centered coping
 Assistive technology and
“smart-home” design
 Person–environment fit
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Stereotypes of Aging
 Assumption that deterioration is inevitable:
 leads to prejudice, discrimination
 influenced by culture
 Stereotype threat:
 increases physiological response to stress
 reduces functioning
 Positive changes in depiction of aging:
 positive media portrayals
 source of pride in some cultures
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Factors in Good Health
and Aging

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Self-efficacy
Optimism
SES
Ethnicity
Sex
Nutrition
Exercise
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Disability in Older Adults
Figure 17.3
(Adapted from E. F. Chakravarty et al., 2012, “Lifestyle Risk Factors Predict Disability and Death in Healthy Aging Adults,”
American Journal of Medicine, 125, p. 193. Copyright © 2012, Elsevier. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Nutrition in Late Adulthood
 Need extra nutrients to
 protect bones, immune
system
 prevent free radicals
 Problems with eating:
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 appetite, taste changes
 chewing, digestive changes
 shopping, cooking
 Diet high in nutrients fosters
physical, cognitive health
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Exercise in Late Adulthood
 Even sedentary older adults show gains
with endurance training
 Benefits:
 physical
 cognitive
 self-esteem
 Importance of
instilling sense
of control
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Sexuality in Late Adulthood
 Sex remains important:
 decline in frequency; fewer male partners for
women
 healthy couples: continued regular, enjoyable sex
 Continue patterns of earlier years
 Factors reducing sexual activity:
 tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs may interfere
 men with erection problems may stop all sexual
interaction
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Sexual Activity
in Older Adults
Figure 17.4
(Adapted from
Waite et al., 2009.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Primary and Secondary Aging
Primary (Biological)
Secondary
 Genetically influenced
declines
 Affects all members
of species
 Occurs even when
health is good
 Declines due to heredity and
environment
 Effects individualized: major
contributor to frailty
 Illnesses and disabilities:




arthritis
diabetes
unintentional injuries
mental disabilities
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Leading Causes of Death
in Late Adulthood
Figure 17.5
(Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012b.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Deteriorating cartilage
in frequently used
joints
 Common, related to
wear and tear
 Autoimmune response
 Involves whole body
 Inflammation of
connective tissue
 Cartilage tissue grows:
 deformed joints
 loss of mobility
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Adult-Onset Diabetes
 Too little insulin or cells insensitive
to insulin
 Incidence rises with age as a result of
 heredity
 inactivity, abdominal fat
 Risk of long-term damage to
 circulatory system
 eyes, kidneys, nerves
 brain
 Treatment: diet, exercise, weight loss
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Accidents in Late Adulthood
Motor vehicle
 Vision problems, slower reactions
Falls
 Vision, balance, strength problems
 Risk of hip fracture
 Limits mobility, social contact
Prevention
 Reduce driving, retrain
 Exercise, use walking aids
 Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Mental Disabilities
in Late Adulthood
 Dementia: impairments of
thought and behavior that
disrupt everyday life:
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Cerebrovascular dementia:
result of strokes
 Misdiagnosed or reversible
dementia:
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 depression
 medication side effects
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Alzheimer’s Disease
Incidence
 Higher with age: nearly 45% over age 85
Symptoms
 Forgetting, disorientation, personality change,
depression, motor problems, delusions,
speech problems, infections
Brain
changes
 Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in
cerebral cortex, synapse deterioration
 Genetic predisposition
Risk factors  High-fat diet
 Lifestyle factors
Protective
factors
 Education, active lifestyle
 Mediterranean diet
 Active social life
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Help for Caregivers
of Elders with Dementia
 Knowledge about
disease, available
resources
 Coping strategies
 Caregiving skills
 Respite
 Intervention programs
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Long-Term Care
in Late Adulthood
 More common with advanced age:
 severe disorders
 loss of support network
 Varies by SES,
ethnic group
 Alternatives:
 home care by family
 assisted living
 home-helper systems
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Selective Optimization
with Compensation
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Select
 Choose personally valued
activities, avoid others
Optimize
 Devote diminishing
resources to valued activities
Compensate
 Find creative ways to
overcome limitations
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Personal Goal Orientation
in Young and Older Adults
Figure 17.6
(From N. C. Ebner, A. M. Freund, & P. B. Baltes, 2006, “Developmental Changes in Personal Goal Orientation from Young to Late
Adulthood: From Striving for Gains to Maintenance and Prevention of Losses,” Psychology and Aging, 21, p. 671. Adapted by
permission of American Psychological Association.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Deliberate vs.
Automatic Memory
Deliberate
Automatic
 Episodic memory
lapses:
 Recognition easier
than recall:
 slower cognitive
processing
 poor attention to
context
 Recall declines:
 harder to remember
source of information
 temporal memory
suffers
 environmental
supports
 Implicit memory better
than explicit memory:
 depends on familiarity,
not conscious
awareness
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Associative Memory Deficit
in Late Adulthood
 Difficulty in creating
or retrieving links
between pieces
of information
 Helpful strategies:
 memory cues
 elaboration
Figure 17.7
(Adapted from Naveh-Benjamin, 2000.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Remote and
Prospective Memory
Remote
Prospective
 Very long-term recall
 Autobiographical
memory for both
remote and recent
events
 Reminiscence bump
for events of
adolescence,
early adulthood
 Remembering to
engage in planned
actions
 Event-based easier
than time-based
 Risk of repetition of
actions
 Reminders can help
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Aging and
Autobiographical Memories
Figure 17.8
(From D. C. Rubin, T. A. Rahhal, & L. W. Poon, 1998, “Things Learned in Early Adulthood Are Remembered Best,” Memory and
Cognition, 26, p. 4. Copyright © 1998 by the Psychonomic Society, Inc. Adapted by permission of the Psychonomic Society.)
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Language Processing
in Late Adulthood
 Little change in comprehension
 Losses in
 retrieval of words from long-term memory
(tip-of-the-tongue state)
 ability to plan what to say and how to say it
 Compensatory techniques:
 speak more slowly, using more sentences, but
shorter ones
 Represent gist of information, not details
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Problem Solving
in Late Adulthood
 Real vs. hypothetical problems:
 family relationships
 managing activities of daily living
 Extend adaptive strategies of
middle adulthood:




maintain positive relationships
use experience to decide quickly when able
consult family members and others
collaborate to generate strategies
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Wisdom
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 Breadth and depth of
practical knowledge
 Ability to reflect on, apply
knowledge to improve life
 Ability to listen, evaluate
others’ concerns
 Transmission of useful
knowledge, reflections to
younger people
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
What Contributes to Wisdom?
 Life experience:
 human-service training and practice
 leadership positions
 Age:
 no guarantee of wisdom
 helpful when combined with life experience
 History of overcoming adversity
 Education, physical health
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Factors Related
to Cognitive Change
 Modest genetic contribution
 Mentally active life: education, stimulating
leisure, community participation, flexibility
 Health status
 Retirement: both positive
and negative effects
 Distance to death:
terminal decline
 Cognitive interventions:
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ADEPT, ACTIVE
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Lifelong Learning
 Increased participation in continuing education:
 Road Scholar
 Osher Lifelong Learning
Institutes
 University of the Third Age
 Community senior centers
 Benefits:
 new ideas, skills, friends
 broader world perspective
 improved self-image
 rise in use of computers
and Internet
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