Transcript Cognitive-6-student1..

Topic 2 – Cognitive
Psychology
Lesson six: Explanation of Long Term
Memory – episodic and semantic memory
Tulving, 1972)
Tulving (1972) Episodic and semantic
memory
 This is the third model of memory we will look at
Tulving proposed that LTM memory was divided into two memory stores: episodic and
semantic memory
 Each store is qualitatively different in terms of the nature of stored memories, time
referencing, associations between memories, and the nature of retrieving/recalling information
What is semantic?
What is episodic?
Nature of semantic and episodic memory
Semantic memory: Examples?
Episodic:
Tulving – mental encyclopaedia
Tulving – mental diary
◦ Words, facts, rules
◦ Meanings and concepts organises as a body of
knowledge
◦ Memories associated with other facts that link
the concepts together
◦ E.g. school and learning
◦ Your own examples?
◦ These links are based on memories of facts that
have been leaned at some earlier time
◦ June follows may on the calendar
Receives and stores information about
experiences of events that occur at a time in
our life
◦ Linked to time and context
Time referencing:
Memories about events that are linked to the time in which they occurred
Factual information can be remembered without reference to when it was learned
◦
Which fact relates to episodic and sematic memory?
Spatial referencing:
Memories are fragmentary. We can piece together factual information that had been learned at
different times.
Memories are continuous as we experience an event in a temporal frame of reference
◦
Which fact relates to episodic and sematic memory?
Retrieval:
Memory is dependent on the context in which the event was learned. This context aids the
retrieval of the memory
Memory is not dependent on the context therefore retrieval of the memories is not context
dependent
Which fact relates to episodic and sematic memory?
Are the stores interrelated?
Is one store dependent on the other?
Is one independent?
Examples of semantic memory
Examples of episodic memory
Which memories are semantic or
episodic?
Reminiscing about your first kiss
Knowing how to use scissors
Recalling your first day of school
Remembering what a dog is
Knowing your lab partner in college chemistry class
Knowing how to use the phone
Recalling the guests at your best friend’s 18th birthday party
Knowing that grass is green
Evaluation
Supporting evidence suggests the disassociation between sematic and episodic memory
Suggests one store can be affected without affecting the other
Ostergaard (1987)
◦ Summarise and explain how it supports Tulving’s theory regarding semantic and episodic
KF case study (not KC!)
◦ Summarise and explain how it supports
Criticise supporting evidence
◦ (using individual differences box)
Application – why is this explanation useful?
Pg. 101 –wider issues and debates
•Cue dependent recall
• Kenealy (1997) or Godden and Baddeley (1975)
• How can this be useful?
Reductionism pg. 102
◦ Case studies such as HM and Clive Wearing highlight limitations
◦ Why?
◦ Also page 102 (second to last paragraph)
◦ Can you identify the problem and relate it to reductionism?
H/W task
One strength and one weakness (4 marks) Choose the ‘strongest’ evaluation points
P
C
P
C
Summary of difference between episodic and semantic – table
Episodic
Example
Time referencing
Retrieval
Semantic