Transcript Episodic Memory - Coweta County Schools

Method of Loci
(plural for locus, meaning location)
"in the first place", "in the second place“
Associate items with locations
of familiar room,
building, or street.
"stroll down memory lane"
and visualize same locations
Hebb Hypothesis aka Hebb Rule
strength of connection across synapse between two
neurons will increase whenever two neurons are
simultaneously active
• So,memories are stronger if connections are
stronger
– if connection is not permanent = STM
– if connection is permanent = LTM
• Donald Hebb introduced terms
short term/ long term memory
If you don’t use it, you lose it! (connection dies)
Ebbinghaus
Learning Curve
• In 1885 Herman Ebbinghaus first described learning curve
• Measures effort to learn a new skill over a period of time
• Measures the graphical relation between amount of learning
and time it takes to learn
– Ex: the time required to memorize a pointless syllable increased
as the number of syllables increased
Ashley Fye
TOTP-(Tip-of-the-tongue
phenomena)
• Experience of feeling confident
that one knows an answer, but is
unable to say the word.
• Ex: In conversation/writing most
people have the occasional
experience of trying to retrieve
words or names from memory,
and being unsuccessful.
Ashley Gann
• system or device used to
develop or improve memory
*HOMES-
mnemonic device
used to help
remember Great
Lakes
Amber Couch
PQ3R
• Preview, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.
• Reading study stragety
– Preview- scan reading material, preread, skim central
ideas
– Question- ask/write questions about headings &
previewing
– Read- take notes in margins &highlight key points
– Recite- answer previous questions & think about material
– Review- summarize material, reread notes, quiz yourself
Episodic Memory
-memory of autobiographical events (times, places, and associated emotions) that
can be explicitly stated.
Declarative Memory- human memory that stores facts
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Types
Specific Events- Ex. When you first saw snow. General Events- Ex. The feel of rain.
Personal Facts- Ex. The president when you Flash Bulb Memories- Ex. Where
were born.
you were when you heard of 9/11.
Neuroscience
-Medial of temporal lobe is key for storing episodic memory
-Dispute between whether episodic memory stays in the hippocampus or is
consolidated to the neocortex
-Animals have no episodic memory. They don’t remember past experiences they just
know them.
Barron Jeter
Echoic Memory
by Christin Smoot
• Auditory version of sensory memory; a brief mental echo
that continues to sound after auditory stimuli has been
heard.
• Lasts about 3 or 4 seconds.
• Repeating verbal information will help keep it in short
term memory
• Example: have a friend recite a list of numbers, and
then suddenly stopping, asking you to repeat the last
four numbers. You have to “replay” the numbers back to
yourself in your mind as you heard them.
• Fact: schizophrenia affects the brain regions which
control echoic memory outside the prefrontal cortex
McGurk Effect
In 1976 McGurk and McDonald published a
paper “Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices.”
The McGurk Effect is a perceptual event that
demonstrates interaction between hearing and
vision during speech perception. Basically
states that what we see can often influence
what we hear.
Example: A visual mouthing of “GA” often
combined with the sound “BA” is often heard
as “DA.”
http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~rosenblu/VSMcGurk.html
Forgetting Curve
• Developed by H. Ebbinghaus
• Illustrates the exponential decline of memory
retention
• Shows that humans tend
to halve their memory of
newly learned knowledge
in days unless they
consciously review
learned material.
• Repetition in learning increases optimum
remembrance
Alex Kendrick
Erica Boyd
• visual sensory memory
• very brief (1 second)
• ex. Look at picture. Close eyes. Try to see it.
What you see- iconic memory of image
• Psychological act of excluding desires and
impulses from one’s consciousness and
holding them in unconscious.
• Example: Child is abused by parent later
has no recollection of event, but has
trouble forming relationships.
By: Jordan Grey
Miller’s Magic Number
•George Miller, psychology professor at Princeton, wanted to discover limits
of short term memory of average human brain.
•In his research, he found that people are unable to keep up with
more than 5-9 “chunks” of information at one time (“Chunks”
are units of information that have strong associations with
one another)
•For example, in Miller’s study, he used a set of tones and asked subjects to
recall the pitches of the tones. Once 5 – 9 tones were heard, the
subjects began to become confused about which tone was which.
•The range of 5 -9 chunks fell on the number seven, which became
Miller’s Magic Number.
•Miller’s Magic Number proves that the number 7, (plus or minus 2), is
the normal capacity of short term memory.
Jordan Nixon
Sensory Memory
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is the memory that results from
our perceptions automatically and
generally disappears in less than a
second
It is the first level of the memory
Includes two major sub-systems:
visual memory (iconic memory),
and auditory memory (echoic
memory)
Used when we think information is
not of importance
Has unlimited capacity and
information is un-interpreted
Grabs the attention
Lecresha Chaney
Lindsay Graner
Idea that forgetting occurs when one
memory replaces or becomes
confused with another memory.
Study 1 list then study a 2nd
list. Your recall of 2nd list
strengthens while recall of
the 1st list weakens as
amount of time spent
studying 2nd list increases.
Serial Position Effect
• Participants presented with list of
items tend to remember first few
and last few words and are more
likely to forget those in the middle
of the list producing U-shaped
serial position curve.
• Tending to recall end of list,
recalling those items best
(Recency effect).
• First few items are recalled more
frequently than middle items
(primacy effect)
Retrograde Amnesia
• Loss of memory for events and information
acquired immediately before onset of
amnesia.
• http://www.doenetwork.org/cases/1007um
ga.html
Kayla Rowland
• The Decay Theory = when
something new is learned, a
neurochemical "memory trace" is
formed, but over time this trace
tends to decay, unless it is
occasionally used.
• Forgetting is caused by passage
of time.
It is believed that neurons die off
as we age.
by Mary Margaret Taylor
Ex: If you haven’t
taken a math class in
over a year, it is easy
to forget how to solve
certain problems.
Encoding
• Transformation of
physical sensory
input into memory.
• Example: Mrs.
Whitlock tells you to
remember encoding.
You remember it by
encoding it into your
memory.
By: Morgan Turner