Transcript What do you remember of last summer?

Psychology
What is cognitive psychology?
LO: To describe the cognitive
approach
Psychology
Cognitive tests
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueZ6tvqhk8
U&safe=active
• Find the set of letters that doesn’t belong with
the other sets.
• A) cdef B) mnpo C) hikj D) vwyx
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• Pairs
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm2.h
tml
• Write down what you ate for lunch everyday
last week
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• http://xefer.com/maze-generator
Psychology
• Sally Anne test
Psychology
What sort of things were these tests testing?
Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
• Focuses on how we make sense of information
• But where do we get the information in the
first place?
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The processes investigated in cognitive psychology
include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Perception
Language
Memory
Thinking
Psychology
The experiment is the most popular way to investigate
cognitive processes
• What are some advantages of conducting an
experiment on subjects?
• What are some disadvantages of conducting an
experiment on subjects?
Psychology
A KEY QUESTION:
• Are cognitive processes the product of NATURE
or NURTURE??
Psychology
The 3 core studies will each cover one of the
following cognitive processes:
• Memory (Loftus & Palmer)
• Thinking
• Language
Psychology
How can I improve my memory?
• To describe the different types of memory and
how it works
Psychology
What do you remember of last summer?
• How accurate do you think you are?
• What might have affected your recall of it?
Psychology
MEMORY
• In psychology, memory is an organism's ability
to store, retain, and subsequently retrieve
information.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grZuwo_YlY
0&feature=related
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-rnfDmQEcY&safe=active
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQKt58kuEnk
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/15/memory-gamesbrain-training-test
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationadvice/9823789/Revi
sion-techniques-The-secret-to-exam-revision-success.html
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationadvice/9826494/Revi
sion-techniques-How-to-learn-boring-facts.html
Psychology
Types of Memory
• A basic and generally accepted classification of
memory is based on the duration of memory
retention, and identifies three distinct types of
memory: sensory memory, short term memory
and long term memory.
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What did you see?
Psychology
SENSORY MEMORY
• Only lasts a second or 2
• The ability to see, recognise and remember
what you saw with no rehearsal/practice
• Very limited capacity
Psychology
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Some of the information in sensory memory is
then transferred to short-term memory
• Short-term memory allows one to recall
something from several seconds to as long as a
minute without rehearsal/practice
• Its capacity is also very limited
Psychology
Short-term memory TASK:
• Can you memorize the letters?
• Get into pairs
• TASK 1: Look at the letters for 5 seconds and
try to memorise them. Recall
• TASK 2: Look at the 2nd set of letters for 5
seconds and try to memorise them. Recall
• Which set of letters was easiest to remember?
WHY?
Psychology
Can you remember this?
FBIPHDTWAIBM
Psychology
How about this?
FBI PHD TWA IBM
Psychology
Was that easier to remember? WHY?
• CHUNKING
• People can remember a great deal more letters
when chunked or grouped
• This is because they are able to chunk the
information into meaningful groups of letters
• 7±2 items
Psychology
LONG-TERM MEMORY
• Can store much larger quantities of information
for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a
whole life span).
Psychology
What’s your telephone number?
• We can remember telephone numbers for many
years through repetition; this information is
said to be stored in long-term memory
Psychology
TASK: What factors can affect your memory?
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Diet
Disease
Age
Drugs/Alcohol
Exercise
Environment, time of day, background noise
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHl7BewJ0
yU&feature=related
Psychology
MODELS OF MEMORY
• Models of memory provide abstract
representations of how memory is believed to
work
• Multi-store (Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model)
Psychology
• This is a very common model of memory that assumes
there are different types of memory that are used for
different tasks. In particular, these link together in an
effective sequence.
• The multi-store model generally assumes memory is
passive and that there are separate cognitive methods
by which it is used. Thus, like a computer memory, it
needs a separate processor to insert and retrieve
memories
Psychology
Craik & Lockhard: Levels of processing
Psychology
War of the Ghosts
One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals and while they were there it became foggy and
calm. Then they heard war-cries, and they thought: "Maybe this is a war-party". They escaped to the shore, and hid behind a
log. Now canoes came up, and they heard the noise of paddles, and saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men
in the canoe, and they said:
"What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on the people."
One of the young men said,"I have no arrows."
"Arrows are in the canoe," they said.
"I will not go along. I might be killed. My relatives do not know where I have gone. But you," he said, turning to the
other,"may go with them."
So one of the young men went, but the other returned home.
And the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of Kalama. The people came down to the water and they
began to fight, and many were killed. But presently the young man heard one of the warriors say, "Quick, let us go home:
that Indian has been hit." Now he thought: "Oh, they are ghosts." He did not feel sick, but they said he had been shot.
So the canoes went back to Egulac and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. And he told everybody and
said: "Behold I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight. Many of our fellows were killed, and many of those who
attacked us were killed. They said I was hit, and I did not feel sick."
He told it all, and then he became quiet. When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came out of his mouth. His face
became contorted. The people jumped up and cried.
He was dead.
Psychology
Frederick Bartlett
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He argued that memory is an active process rather than a passive tape-recording of
experience as suggested by Ebbinghaus.
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Assimilation: The story became more consistent with the participants’ own cultural
expectations - that is, details were unconsciously changed to fit the norms of British
culture.
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Leveling: The story also became shorter with each retelling as participants omitted
information which was seen as not important.
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Sharpening: Participants also tended to change the order of the story in order to make
sense of it using terms more familiar to the culture of the participants.
Psychology
Who can remember better?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TC1nJ61lh4
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FINAL TASK:
• Compare and contrast each of the different
types of memory
• What is the multi-store model of memory? What
are its advantages? Disadvantages?
• Why can people remember letters that are
chunked easier than letters that are not
chunked?
• THINK: Credit card numbers
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HOMEWORK:
• Read the guardian article
• Make notes on how to improve your long term
memory – very useful!
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Exit pass
2 – 3 key things you learnt today
1 way you will apply this to your life
1 question you have about today’s lesson
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PLENARY:
• How good is your memory?
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mi
nd/interactives/intelligenceandmemory/memor
ytest/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mi
nd/surveys/memory/
• What questions do you have about memory?
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mi
nd/surveys/memory/questions.shtml
Validity
Validity relates to whether a study has measured what it is intended to measure.
Things can get make us measure the wrong this include:
- Lying and demand characteristics – internal validity
- Extraneous variables / not enough controls – internal validity
- Accidently testing the wrong thing e.g. general knowledge instead of memory –
internal validity / construct validity
- Not really measuring how people would behave in real life – external validity /
ecological validity
- Not really measuring the general population – external validity