Transcript File - Hopkins Helpful Hints

Memory
Chapter 7A
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The Seven Dwarfs – can you identify
the correct names?
Grouchy
Gabby
Fearful
Sleepy
Smiley
Jumpy
Hopeful
Shy
Droopy
Dopey
Sniffy
Wishful
Puffy
Dumpy
Sneezy
Lazy
Pop
Grumpy
Bashful
Cheerful
Teach
Shorty
Nifty
Happy
Doc
Wheezy
Stubby
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Memory
Memory is the basis for knowing your
friends, your neighbors, the English
language, the national anthem, and yourself.
If memory was nonexistent, everyone would
be a stranger to you; every language foreign;
every task new; and even you yourself would
be a stranger.
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The Phenomenon of Memory
Memory is any indication that
learning has persisted over time.
It is our ability to store and
retrieve information.
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Studying Memory:
Information Processing Models
The AtkinsonSchiffrin (1968)
three-stage
model of
memory
includes a)
sensory
memory, b)
short-term
memory, and c)
long-term
memory.
Keyboard
(Encoding)
Disk
(Storage)
Sequential Process
Monitor
(Retrieval)
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Information Processing
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
The more modern way to view our memory processing
involves noticing stimuli in sensory memory and then
encoding it into working memory and long term
memory
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Modifications to the Old Three-Stage Model
1.
Some information skips the first two stages
and enters long-term memory automatically
(without our conscious awareness).
2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory
information received, we select information
that is important to us and actively process it
into our working memory.
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In order for information to reach our working
memory, we focus on it and then process it
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Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term
memory that involves conscious,
active processing of incoming
auditory and visual-spatial
information, and of information
retrieved from long-term memory
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Encoding: Getting Information In
How We Encode
1. Some information (route to your
school) is automatically
processed.
2. However, new or unusual
information (friend’s new cellphone number) requires attention
and effort.
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Short term memory encoding requires
rehearsal
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Automatic Processing
We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly:
1.
Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically
encode the place of a picture on a page.
2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take
place in a day.
3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that
happen to you.
4. Well learned information: for example, when you see
words in your native language, perhaps on the side of
a delivery truck, you cannot help but register their
meaning. At times automatic processing is so
effortless that it is difficult to shut off.
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Effortful Processing
© Bananastock/ Alamy
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
Committing new
information to memory
requires effort just like
learning a concept from a
textbook. Such
processing leads to
durable and accessible
memories.
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Rehearsal
Effortful learning
usually requires
rehearsal or conscious
repetition.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909)
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
Ebbinghaus studied
rehearsal by using
nonsense syllables:
TUV YOF GEK XOZ
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Rehearsal
The more times the
nonsense syllables were
practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions
were required to
remember them on Day
2.
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Memory Effects
1. Spacing Effect: We retain information
better when we rehearse over time.
▫
This doesn’t mean cramming…it
means rehearse over time
2. Serial Position Effect: When your
recall is better for first and last items
on a list, but poor for middle items.
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Primacy effect
Recency effect
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Encoding
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Encoding Meaning
Processing the meaning of verbal
information by associating it with what we
already know or imagine. Encoding
meaning (semantic encoding) results
in better recognition later than visual or
acoustic encoding.
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Encoding
Visual vs. Auditory encoding
Class activity
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Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids.
Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and
organizational devices in aiding memory.
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Grocery list
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1. honey
2. dog food
3. sugar
4. oranges
5. ice cream
6. peanut butter
7. bread
8. pork chops
9. milk
10. potato chips
• Begin!!!
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Now, on paper, write down the
list and in order in which the list
was given to you.
How well did you do?
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Now take yourself on a tour of your house and place
your grocery list in different spots on that tour.
Example: watch the honey flow out of the toaster and
onto the counter, your dog eating dog food on top of
the kitchen table. Proceed to the living room, where
sugar is embedded into the shag carpet, oranges are
under the pillows on the couch, and peanut butter is
stuck between the piano keys. Ice cream is melting in
the fireplace. Go up stairs with a slice of bread on
each step, pork chops floating in the tub, milk tipped
over on the dresser and potato chips are stuck
between the bed sheets.
Demonstrates the loci method – associating physical locations with items to
remember
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Organizing Information for Encoding
Break down complex information into broad
concepts and further subdivide them into
categories and subcategories.
1. Chunking
2.Hierarchies
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Chunking
Organizing items into a familiar, manageable
unit. Try to remember the numbers below.
1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
If you are well versed with American history,
chunk the numbers together and see if you
can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.
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Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking
information to remember it.
HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
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Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad
concepts and further subdivided into categories
and subcategories.
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Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy