Transcript Memory - MR. Chavez`s Class

Memory
The persistence of learning over
time through the storage and
retrieval of information.
Capacity
• Estimates of the human
brain’s memory capacity vary wildly
from 1 to 1,000 terabytes (for
comparison, the 19 million volumes
in the US Library of Congress
represents about 10 terabytes of
data).
What physical changes are
occurring?
• When your attention is grabbed, you become
physically aroused/stimulated.
• Neurotransmitters are firing off and electrochemicals are being released.
• Some neurotransmitters tend to act
as excitatory (e.g. acetylcholine, glutamate,
aspartate, adrenaline, histamine)
or inhibitory (e.g. GABA, glycine, seratonin),
while some (e.g. dopamine) may be either.
• Subtle variations in the mechanisms of
neurotransmission allow the brain to respond
to the various demands made on it, including
the encoding, consolidation, storage and retri
eval of memories.
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Name the seven
dwarves…..
Now name them…..
Was it easy or hard?
• It depends on
several things….
• If you like Disney
movies?
• When was the last
time you have seen
the movie?
• Your just to tired to
care..
What is STATE-DEPENDENT
MEMORY
• This applies to a person who will better recall
a memory when he is in the same state as
when the memory was made.
• Includes Mood- Excited, Happy, Sad, Stressed
• Could be an in altered state due to chemical
stimulates- Caffeine, Alcohol, drugs
Examples
• Coaches attempt to create game like
conditions for their athletes. Same speed,
intensity and stress levels.
• Not always true but “You play like you
practice”.
• Not going to lie. The Ducks do this really well.
• Ducks force teams to practice their defense
under the same conditions.
Emotions and Learning
• Emotions play a huge role in learning and
memorizing details.
• Ex. News stories that make an emotional
connection with us and illicit different strong
emotions tend to stay with us.
Example
Transfer Training :Learning task A will carry
over/transfer to learning task B.
A
B
Negative Transfer
A: Boxing
B: UFC
Language: Languages that share a common origin
say “romance languages” make them easier to
learn
Romance language
Bilingual education
•
•
•
•
• language acquisition
states that if you are
proficient in one
language it will transfer
to a 2nd
Spanish
French
Italian
Portuguese
Information Processing: the way we analyze,
store and recall things we learned
• Everyone processes information differently or
uses different tools to help them
learn/memorize and problem solve. One
thing we all utilize is Schema.
Schema
• Schema represent knowledge about concepts: objects and the
relationships they have with other objects, situations, events,
sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions.
• Example: schema for dog. Within that schema you most likely
have knowledge about dogs in general (bark, four legs, teeth,
hair, tails)
• Your knowledge of dogs might also include the fact that they
are mammals and thus are warm-blooded and bear their
young as opposed to laying eggs.
• Depending upon your personal experience, the knowledge of
a dog as a pet (domesticated and loyal) or as an animal to fear
(likely to bite or attack) may be a part of your schema.
A plane has crash landed on Mt. Hood. Who
would have more Schema to pull from to survive
Mr. Chavez
• Who has been camping
once in his life and that was
in an R.V.
• Has only been to Mt. Hood
during the summer, once.
• But does watch Wild Alaska,
Naked and Afraid and
various other shows.
Or this guy
Schema and learning
What does all this have to do
with learning ?
• Individuals have schemata
for everything. Long before
students come to school,
they develop schemata
(units of knowledge) about
everything they experience.
Reading theory
• Schema not only affect the
way information is
interpreted, thus affecting
comprehension, but also
continue to change as new
information is received.
• You create a new reality for
your self as you read.
Memory Test and
chunking/mnemonic devices
Write down these numbers
• 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-94-1
•
•
•
•
1492- Columbus
1776- American Revolution
1812- War of 1812
1941- WWII
Write down these letters
•
•
•
•
•
XIDKKFCFBIANAACPCVSSUVROFLNBAQ
IDK- Text talk
KFC- Kentucky Fried Chicken
FBI-Federal Bureau of Invest…
NAACP- Civil right organization
XIBMSATPHDMTVX
Biographic memories
• Part 1
• What would be the
benefits of having of
what many would
consider a photographic
memory?
• Is it really learning?
• Part 2
• What challenges would
a person with such a
memory face in their
personal life?
Part 1
Quiz
• Write down the set of numbers and letters
from the previous class.
• Grade as a test, yes a test….
Face blindness
• What are some
strategies you would
use if you woke up with
face blindness?
Part 1
Test next class period
• Slides 1-17 on power point that is currently on
our class web site.
• mrchavezclass.weebly.com
Recall Versus Recognition
Recall
• you must retrieve the
information from your
memory
• fill-in-the blank or essay
tests
Recognition
• you must identify the
target from possible
targets
• multiple-choice tests
The Memory Process
Three step process….
1. Encoding: The processing
of information into the
memory system.
2. Storage: The retention
of encoded material over
time.
3. Retrieval: The process of
getting the information
out of memory storage.
Three Box Model of Memory
Sensory Memory
• A split second
holding tank for ALL
sensory information.
• Sperling’s research
on Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory
Short Term Memory
• The stuff we encode
from the sensory goes
to STM.
• Events are encoded
visually, acoustically or
semantically.
• Holds about 7 (plus or
minus 2) items for
about 20 seconds.
• We recall digits
better than letters.
Short Term Memory Activity
Ways to remember things in
STM…so they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing
items into familiar,
manageable units.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
• Mnemonic devices
• Rehearsal
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless
No Plums."
Long Term Memory
• Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
• Explicit (declarative)
memories
• Implicit (nondeclarative)
memories
Explicit Memories
• Episodic Memories
• Semantic Memories
Implicit Memories
• Procedural Memories
• Conditioned Memories
Take out a piece of paper and name all
the Presidents…
Encoding Information
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect
• Serial Positioning
Effect
Spacing Effect
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Encoding Exercise
The Ways we can encode…
• Visual Encoding: the
encoding of picture
images.
• Acoustic Encoding:
the encoding of
sound, especially the
sounds of words.
• Semantic Encoding:
the encoding of
meaning.
The Context Matters!!!
• Flashbulb Memories
• Mood Congruent
Memory
• State Dependent
Memory
Constructive Memory
• Memories are not always what they
seem.
• Elizabeth Loftus
• A constructed memory is a created
memory.
• Misinformation effect
Forgetting
Forgetting
Getting a new bus
number and
forgetting old bus
number.
• Retroactive
Interference: new
information blocks
out old information.
• Proactive
Interference: old
information blocks
out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old
girlfriends name.
Storing Memories
Long Term-Potentiation
• long-lasting
enhancement in signal
transmission between
two neurons that
results from stimulating
them synchronously.
• In other words…they
learn to fire together
and get better at
it…creating a memory.