Transcript Encoding Retrieval Encoding

Memory:
Encoding & Storage
Information Processing
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage model of memory
includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term
memory and c) long-term memory.
Information Processing
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
a) sensory memory-immediate, very brief
recording of sensory information in the memory
system
Information Processing
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
b) short-term memory-activated memory that
hold a few items briefly before it is stored or
forgotten
Information Processing
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
b) short-term memory-activated memory that
hold a few items briefly before it is stored or
forgotten
Information Processing
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
c) long-term memory-relatively permanent and
limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Modifications to the Three-Stage
Model
1. Some information skips the first two stages
and enters long-term memory automatically.
2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory
information received, we select information
that is important to us and actively process it
into our working memory.
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Information Processing
What is special about working memory?
Working Memory Store
• What happens if you need to keep
information in working memory longer than
30 seconds?
• To demonstrate, memorize the following
phone number (presented one digit at a
time):
Working Memory Store
8 5 7 9 16 3
Working Memory Store
• What is the number?
857-9163
• The number lasted in your
working memory longer than 30
seconds
• So how were you able to
remember the number?
Maintenance Rehearsal
• Mental or verbal repitition of information
allows it to stay in your working memory
longer than the usual 30 seconds
• What is the number? 857-9163
Encoding: Getting Information in
Encoding: Getting Information In
How We Encode
1. Some information (route to your school) is
automatically processed.
2. However novel information (friend’s new
cell-phone number) requires attention and
effort.
Automatic Processing
Enormous amount of information is processed
effortlessly by us, like:
1. Space: While reading a textbook you
automatically encode place of a picture on a
page.
2. Time: We unintentionally note the events
that take place in a day.
3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of
things that happened to you.
Effortful Processing
© Bananastock/ Alamy
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
Novel information
committed to memory
requires effort, like
learning a concept from
a text. Such processing
leads to durable and
accessible memories.
Rehearsal
Effortful learning
usually requires
rehearsal or conscious
repetition.
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
Ebbinghaus studied
rehearsal by using
nonsense syllables:
TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909)
Rehearsal
The more times the
nonsense syllables were
practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions
were required to relearn
them on Day 2.
Memory Effects
1. Next-in-line-Effect: When your recall is
better for what other people say but poor
for a person just before you in line.
2. Spacing Effect: We retain information better
when our rehearsal is distributed over time.
3. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is
better for first and last items, but poor for
middle items on a list.
Serial Position Effect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
TUV
ZOF
GEK
WAV
XOZ
TIK
FUT
WIB
SAR
POZ
REY
GIJ
Better recall
Poor recall
Better recall
Memory Demo
Handout 27-1
What We Encode
1. Encoding by meaning
2. Encoding by images
3. Encoding by organization
Encoding Meaning
“Whale”
Q: Did the word begin
with a capital letter?
Structural
Encoding
Shallow
Q: Did the word rhyme
with the word
“weight”?
Phonemic
Encoding
Intermediate
Q: Would the word fit
in the sentence?
He met a __________
in the street.
Semantic
Encoding
Deep
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
Results
Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to
effortful processing, especially when combined
with semantic encoding.
Showing adverse effects of meth use
in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.
Storage: Retaining Information
 Sensory Memory
 Working/Short-term
Memory
 Long-Term Memory
 Storing Memories in the
Brain
Déja Vu means "I've experienced this before.”
Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier
similar experience.
Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of
associations. These associations are like anchors
that help retrieve memory.
water
smell
fire
smoke
Fire Truck
heat
truck
red
hose
Storage: Retaining
Information
the heart of memory is storage.
Three stores of memory are :
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Sensory
Memory
Iconic memory—few
tenths of a second
Events
Echoic memory—3 or 4
seconds
Working Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited! Estimates on capacity range from 1000
billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information.
Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000
caches of buried pine seeds during
winter & spring.
Rajan Mahadevan recited 31, 811
digits of pi on July 4th, 1983
Hippocampus ≠ Cerebellum
Hippocampus – a neural
center in the limbic
system that processes
explicit memories.
Cerebellum – a neural
center in the
hindbrain that
processes implicit
memories.
Explicit Memories
Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences
that one can consciously know and declare.
What is the capital of Kyirblahkyrstan?
Hippocampus ≠ Cerebellum
Hippocampus – a neural
center in the limbic
system that processes
explicit memories.
Cerebellum – a neural
center in the
hindbrain that
processes implicit
memories.
Implicit Memories
Implicit memory involves learning an action, but the
individual doesn’t know/declare what she knows.
Two Types of Long-Term Memory
Stress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress related or
otherwise) make for stronger memories.
Continued stress can disrupt memory.